There are many classifications that divide blood into groups. All are designed to target different antigens and antibodies—small particles that are either attached to the red blood cell membrane or float freely in the plasma.
The first experiments with blood transfusion most often ended in the death of the patient. The thing is that then people did not have the slightest idea about blood groups. Today, the most common classifications are the AB0 system and the Rh factor system.
According to the ABO system, blood is classified as follows:
- 0 – first,
- A - second,
- B - third,
- AB is the fourth.
Types of blood
What blood groups does a person have, how many groups are there, and the very concept of them is under the jurisdiction of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. This organization has the most complete information on all these issues. For example, the types of blood here are divided into 33 classifications, and this is not the limit.
12 facts about blood: Tsuzmer A.M., Petrishina O.L. Biology. Man and his health. Textbook. 26th ed. - M.: Education, 2001. - 240 p.
The Karl Landsteiner blood groups remain the most widely used today. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a scientist experimented by mixing blood from different donors. In some cases it folded, in others it did not. Based on the data obtained, the following blood group designation was obtained:
How to determine blood type
How is blood type determined in the laboratory? A drop of blood is mixed with a drop of each monoclonal antibody. Based on the blood reaction to them, the blood group is determined according to the AB0 system:
- no reaction - group I;
- reaction to antibodies A - group II;
- for antibodies B - group III;
- for antibodies A and B - group IV.
Determination of blood groups is usually carried out in a newborn or in children when registering for kindergarten or school. This data is necessary in case of an emergency.
Here is a case from practice. I met my daughter from school. Her classmate was injured in gym class and lost a lot of blood. While we were waiting for the ambulance, I asked the nurse to find out the boy’s blood type from the boy’s card. Thanks to this information, doctors quickly provided first aid and saved the student from blood loss and negative consequences of injury.
Story
The fourth blood group is the youngest and rarest. There are less than 10% of people with such indicators on Earth. People with AB indicators appeared on our planet about 1000 years ago. Today, there are several versions of why the blood suddenly changed its usual indicators.
Theory one. According to some scientists, the mixed group appeared as a result of interethnic marriages. It is believed that the first children with such indicators were born in marriages of Europeans and Mongols. Such unions were not possible before, and therefore the mixing of blood that gave such a group was not observed.
Theory two. Blood group AB is a protective reaction of the body. According to this theory, during times of widespread incidence of various viral infections, nature launched a protective mechanism by combining antigens A and B on the red blood cells of one person. Thus, the immune system was significantly strengthened, which made it possible to resist diseases such as measles, rubella, influenza, rabies and pneumonia.
However, this theory does not explain why there are so few people with these indicators.
Theory three. Diet. According to this theory, changes in blood composition are similar to mutations. Some geneticists argue that it was the emergence of new foods that provoked this mutation. In their opinion, chemically processed foods are to blame for the appearance of people with blood group 4. However, the fact of the small number of such people also does not fit into this hypothesis.
How is blood type inherited?
What determines a child's blood type? The answer is very simple: it is inherited by the child from the parents. It should be taken into account that the baby receives one gene in this set from the father, and the other gene from the mother.
In turn, these two genes may not be the same in each of the parents. That is why, for example, if the father and mother have the first blood group, then the children may have a different one. And it is important to know this so that there are no problems later. Firstly, an unforeseen situation may occur that will require knowledge of your blood type. That is why it should not be determined without analysis, relying only on hereditary factors. Be sure to consult your doctor to find out your blood type.
Blood group compatibility
Which blood types are compatible or, in other words, which blood groups match each other? This question does not arise by chance and is associated primarily with extreme situations. In case of severe blood loss, blood transfusions are given in groups. Yes, today there are artificial substitutes, but doctors do not abandon traditional methods.
What blood is suitable for 1 positive, who is suitable for 4 blood group? The compatibility of blood groups during transfusion is as follows:
- people with group 1 are universal donors, their blood is suitable for everyone. But they themselves are characterized by blood compatibility only with their own group;
- for group 2, a possible combination of blood groups is 2 and 4 for donation, 1 and 4 for adoption;
- in the case of group 3, you can transfuse it to people with groups 3 and 4. These people of groups 1 and 3 take it;
- Group 4 is suitable for all blood groups. Transfusion is possible only within your group.
Prevention of diseases
For people with AV blood, there are several tips. Stroke is a complex disease and the prerequisite for its occurrence is the place in the vessel where the blood clot settles. This weak point is the atherosclerotic plaque; in order to prevent it from forming, people must:
- maintain normal weight;
- regularly treat arterial hypertension and control blood pressure;
- eliminate smoking;
- take statins to lower cholesterol levels;
- take aspirin.
Taking aspirin is a very important component in the prevention of stroke, as it is an antiplatelet agent that prevents accidental sticking of platelets and the formation of blood clots.
Diagnosis of stroke
There are several main signs that indicate the onset of a stroke or its impending development. These include:
- asymmetrical smile;
- weakness or paralysis in the limbs on one side of the body;
- speech disorders.
Depending on the location of the formed blood clot, one or another function for which a specific part of the brain is responsible will be affected. If the parietal zone, which is responsible for the motor activity of the arms and legs, is affected, then paresis or paralysis of the limbs will occur.
Rh factor compatibility
Compatibility of partners by blood type and Rh factor is an important factor during pregnancy. The fact is that with certain combinations, the mother’s body begins to react to the fetus as a foreign object and reject it. The Rh factor is associated with this phenomenon. For this reason, compatibility is checked immediately after pregnancy.
Practical experience shows how important the compatibility of parents in terms of blood type and Rh factor is. Problems occur if the mother's Rh is negative and the father's is positive. With this combination, the baby can inherit the father's Rh, resulting in a conflict in the woman's body.
What it is?
So, a blood group is a unique combination of protein-antigens on the outer surface of red blood cells and in the blood serum. The first of them are called agglutinogens, and the second are called agglutinins.
Group antigens are synthesized on the outer surface of the erythrocyte membrane and are inherited traits, that is, they are inherited from the mother and father and do not change during our lives (but there are some pathological conditions that can change the structure of agglutinogens).
Modern medical science knows about 270 erythrocyte proteins, which in turn form 26 blood group systems. The proteins that are most likely to cause complications after transfusions are of greatest importance, primarily the antigens of the AB0 and Rh (Rhesus) systems.
However, human blood is not limited only to proteins of the ABO system, but contains antigens of other systems, which are also located on the surface of red blood cells. This combination is unique to each person.
Attention! That is why, before transfusions, it is imperative to check group compatibility for all known blood group systems. For this purpose, methods have been developed for determining specific groups of carbohydrates and proteins synthesized on the erythrocyte membrane.
Unlike many other blood group systems, the ABO and Rh systems are recognized by transfusiologists all over the world , therefore they are used when determining a person’s blood group, in donation and during transfusion of whole blood or its components.
Each person has his own set of agglutinogens and agglutinins. Let's find out which of the existing groups is the rarest and which is the most common.
What is a blood type and how they differ is explained in the video:
The rarest blood type
Scientists O.V. Gribkova and A.V. Kaptsov (Samara Humanitarian Academy), the most common classification of blood groups in the world is called the AB0 system.
In general, on the planet the number of people with different blood groups is as follows:
- about 41% of the population are endowed with the first group. It is especially common in South and Central America;
- in second place is group II with a figure of about 32%, which is typical for Europeans and residents of North America;
- people with group III occur in 22% of cases, mainly in Asia;
- Group IV is recognized as the rarest with an indicator of 5%.
Colleagues in Russia and Kazakhstan confirm that group 4 is extremely rare. For this reason, it is necessary to stock this blood and encourage rare donors to avoid problems with timely provision of medical care.
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Blood type is your serial number Our past, present and future depend on our blood type! Each blood type has a special characteristic... Our past, present and future depend on our blood type! Each blood group has a special type of immunity peculiar to it, which determines the vital resources of a person laid down by nature. By determining our blood type, we can use our potential given to us from birth. Blood type is the path measured out for us by fate, the main condition of which is to follow the given trajectory. By harmonizing your capabilities and boundaries, you can literally influence the formation of a prosperous destiny. There are four blood groups, with differing biochemical characteristics. This fact was established by science at the beginning of the twentieth century. Throughout the world, four blood groups are designated by symbols: I(0), II(A), III(B), IV(AB). Blood type 0(I) is the most common on the planet - it flows in the veins of 45% of humanity. The first blood group I(0) is the oldest. She is called the first because she was the first to appear on earth. It is not for nothing that those with the first blood group are the bearers of leadership qualities and are endowed with excellent health and irrepressible energy. A(II) blood type predominates among Europeans - approximately 35% of people are its carriers. New living conditions led to a genetic mutation of the blood - a person appeared with new character traits, a person with blood group II (A) B (III) blood group is less numerous - it can be found in only 13% of us. A new blood mutation gave birth to people with a new III (B) blood group, whose immune system accepted exactly this way of life. AB(IV) blood type is the rarest on Earth, found in only 7% of people. At the turn of the new era, during the campaigns of conquest, a mixing of peoples and a merging of blood occurred, which led to the appearance of a person with IV (AB) blood group. The difference between one group and another is determined by the characteristics of blood proteins. Several systems have been created to classify these fairly numerous proteins. The most famous of them is the AB0 system (read - a, 6, zero), in which four groups are distinguished - I, II, III, IV. Group I is called zero and is designated 00, which indicates the presence of two identical genes that determine the group trait - one zero received from the father, the other from the mother. If a child is diagnosed with blood group I, this means that both the father and mother necessarily have gene 0, but this does not mean at all that they also have group I, since their second genes could be different. The group II gene is designated by the letter A. And if a child receives such a gene from both parents, then he, of course, will have blood group II (AA). But he will have the same group even if he receives gene 0 from one of his parents, and A from the other, since gene 0 has one feature - it cannot manifest itself in the presence of gene A. The blood group III gene is designated by the letter B This group is also formed in those who received from their parents two identical BB genes or two different ones - B and 0, because in this combination gene 0 does not manifest itself. What will happen if a child inherits gene A from one of the parents, and gene B from the other? They are tolerant of each other, one does not suppress the other, and their combination leads to the appearance of a new trait - blood group IV (AB). Choosing a partner based on blood type Japanese scientist Masahito Naomi, in the book “You are what your blood type is,” argues that blood type also affects a person’s character and abilities. For example, he states: “if you have blood type 1, it means that at heart you are a leader and an enthusiast. Second, you will pay attention to detail, be hardworking and diligent. Third, expect creativity and non-standard behavior. The fourth is a good organizer with imaginative thinking.” And today Japan is gripped by the excitement of blood type selection, starting in kindergarten and ending with sports teams. Scientists have found that people with different blood groups are predisposed to different diseases. Large corporations such as Nissan, Toyota or Hitachi ask you to indicate your blood type in the application form. And not in order to make everyone donors, but they suggest using the employee’s personal characteristics as best as possible. Japanese experts concluded that blood groups even influence a person’s character. Jeanne Louis Degadenzi will help you determine by your blood type what kind of partner you are in love. In laboratories, from a drop of blood you can find out what a person ate for lunch, establish paternity, and signs of various diseases. But to “discern” talent, character, mood - this is unlikely. And there is no leisure to do this, there is no money. Let's look at some characteristics of different blood groups. Group - First. Leader, strong, self-confident. If you set a goal for yourself, you will fight for it until you achieve it. Know how to choose the direction to move forward. Believe in yourself and are not devoid of emotion. You are self-confident, strong and assertive, and you can give everything to achieve your goal. However, you have problems: narcissism and arrogance can hinder you. You also have weaknesses: you are very jealous and fussy, and, in addition, you are painfully ambitious and have difficulty withstanding even fair criticism. Speakers of the first group are the most purposeful. They are always striving for power and becoming informal leaders. The motto of the first blood group is: “Fight and search, find and not give up.” People of this type are not devoid of emotionality and self-confidence. Weaknesses: poor adaptation to new nutritional and environmental conditions. The immune system can become overactive and attack its own body. What diseases are you predisposed to: · Stomach ulcers, · Inflammatory diseases - arthritis, colitis, · Duodenal ulcers, gastritis, severe forms of gastrointestinal tract diseases, · In infants, purulent-septic infections often develop, · Blood clotting disorders, · Thyroid dysfunction, Allergic disorders. Sexual Traits: Male. In love games - he is a talent! What he loves most about a woman is when she makes him wait. But when he finally gets his way, his chosen one will not be disappointed: he is the most wonderful lover. Woman. She needs a man who can hold her tightly in his arms! Attractive and jealous, she cannot stand it when her companion casts even fleeting glances at a random passerby. Her greed for sex will lead to exhaustion, and perhaps will greatly please her partner. Intense physical exercises are indicated: aerobics, martial arts, contact sports, running. Group - Second. Sedentary, sociable, adherent of law and order, honest, loyal. Good adaptation to new nutritional and environmental conditions. You love harmony, calm and order. You work well with other people. In addition, they are sensitive, patient and friendly. You have a heightened sense of duty and justice. Your weaknesses include stubbornness and an inability to relax, being self-absorbed. The weak point of this group may be a penchant for alcoholic drinks and rich food. People with the second blood group feel great in subordinate positions, the main thing is that there are like-minded people nearby. They love comfort, spiritual and everyday, and hate conflicts. They are romantics at heart, but sometimes they can be stubborn and irritable. What diseases are you predisposed to: · Rheumatic diseases, · Diabetes type 1, · Coronary heart disease, · Bronchial asthma, · Allergies, · Leukemia, · Cholecystitis, · Gallstone disease, · Cancer. Sexual Traits: Male. He is very shy, expresses his love with a glance, a light touch of the hand, but if he decides to reveal himself, he does it quite sharply. In family life, the partner must constantly prove that she loves him. He loves to feel maternal care, so he often chooses women older than himself. Woman. Shy, and also suspicious - even when she falls in love, she will never show it first. But if the relationship is determined, she is an excellent wife: loving, devoted. And she can soon become very sensual. The physical activity regimen should ensure calm and concentration: hatha yoga, tai chi chuan. Third blood group. Open, optimistic, with a thirst for adventure, most of them are ascetics and philosophers. The third blood group is distinguished by individualism. People in this group always do as they see fit. You are a mature individualist. However, they have poor contact with other groups, are taciturn, and often suffer from depression. You adapt to everything easily, are flexible, and do not suffer from a lack of imagination. However, the desire to be independent can sometimes be excessive and turn into weakness. What diseases are there a predisposition to: · Pneumonia, · Development of infections after surgery, · In women - purulent mastitis, sepsis after childbirth, · Radiculitis, osteochondrosis, joint diseases, · Chronic fatigue syndrome, · Autoimmune disorders, · Multiple, multiple sclerosis. Sexual Traits: Male. Everyone takes him for a Don Juan, although he himself knows very well that this is not so. He is a lover of seduction, but only because he is afraid of love! He will be a good husband, who will be unfaithful from time to time, but you can always rely on him. Woman. She hides fidelity behind some extravagance, but she will be a faithful wife. In love, she needs to take the initiative into her own hands if her chosen one has a third blood type. Yes, sex is far from the most important thing for him. She will have to turn into some kind of vampire - and literally suck his sexuality out of him! Moderate physical activity combined with mental balancing: cycling, tennis, swimming. The fourth blood group is perhaps the most balanced. People with blood type IV are easy to get along with. She is distinguished by gentleness and goodwill. They are benevolent and calm. People with any other blood type will feel great around these people. They know how to entertain, are tactful and honest at the same time. A significant drawback is that they are extremely indecisive, cannot make decisions and are afraid of everything new. Weakness in constant internal conflicts, sometimes reducing self-esteem. What diseases are you predisposed to: · ARVI, influenza and other infections, · Sore throat, sinusitis, · Heart disease, · Cancer, · Anemia. Sexual Traits: Male. He has a great ability to charm women, he loves their company very much. His feelings are shallow, and he can make love almost constantly. And woe to the one who tells him: “Not today, dear!” - She won't see him again. Woman. She is also able to attract the attention of a man, but at the same time she is strict and demanding. As soon as she allows someone to “take her by the reins,” she will feel an indefinable desire to live on the condition that she will be given as much attention as she wants. She will overwhelm her lover so much that, rest assured, he will not sit at home for long. Calming physical activity: yoga, tai chi chuan. All this is combined with moderate physical activity: walking, cycling, tennis.
Most common blood type
My colleague Alexander Kurenkov in his book “All about blood. Hematopoietic system" indicates that the first is considered the parent for all blood groups. Perhaps for this reason it occupies a leading position in prevalence in the world. More than 40% of the population across the planet - be it in Russia or Kazakhstan - are endowed with it.
Still, it is worth noting some ethnic and national features. So, in Europe and Ukraine there are many people with the second blood group. And in Japan, the rarest group, the fourth group, has become widespread.
Which group is more common than others?
Most people are curious to know who has the most popular blood type, because such people account for exactly half of all humanity. The first group is the most widespread on the planet. It is generally accepted that it was formed during a period when primitive people ate only food of animal origin.
Over time, vegetables and fruits were added to the diet of our ancestors, but meat remained the basic product. This diet affected the qualitative composition of this biological fluid.
Blood contains a kind of information code that can tell about a person’s character, his strengths and weaknesses, eating habits and preferences, and predisposition to diseases.
In the Russian Federation, as throughout the world, the percentage of the population with the first group is 45% of the total number of citizens. This proves that the majority of Russian residents have the oldest type of blood. The health of such people is resistant to disease. They are hardy, have a strong immune system, and strive for leadership.
Universal donor
Red blood cells: Tsuzmer A.M., Petrishina O.L.
Biology. Man and his health. Textbook. 26th ed. - M.: Education, 2001. - 240 p. Which blood group can be transfused to everyone? Compatibility of blood groups during transfusion contains the term “universal blood”. Blood transfusions into groups are always carried out taking into account their classification according to the AB0 system.
Which blood type suits everyone? Have you ever wondered what blood type a person is a universal donor? These benefactors, who can come to the aid of one and all in a critical situation, include people in the first group. Their red blood cells do not have antibodies that another body identifies as hostile. Other blood groups, the transfusion of which is also possible, cannot be donated to everyone.
If you want to help and become a donor, contact a medical institution to find out your blood type, and then tell the doctor that you want to do a good deed.
The emergence of all groups
At the very beginning of the 20th century, several scientists conducted an experiment on mixing blood taken from people of different nationalities. It turned out that some specimens mix with each other, while others do not. When some types were combined, a so-called aglutination reaction occurred: the components stuck together and precipitated. Based on this reaction, the division of blood into four types was identified.
Later, scientists revealed some statistics. It turned out that the Mongoloid race consists mainly of B-type carriers. Hindus mainly have the second one, and in Europe, western Asia and the European part of Russia there are carriers of all types.
The origin of blood types still remains a mystery, around which controversy continues. Over the course of more than a hundred years, three main theories have emerged:
- racial;
- food;
- infectious.
The first theory is well known and considered established; according to it, each race has its own type. The racial theory says that initially all people were carriers of 0-blood, and then, as a result of the mixing of peoples, other types appeared.
Proponents of the food theory claim that throughout the history of mankind, the diet has changed dramatically four times, exactly according to the number of blood types. Some modern diets were even based on this. They are designed taking into account the patient's blood type.
Those who adhere to the infectious disease theory (mainstream medicine) consider such food to be pseudoscientific and argue that blood types are the result of epidemics and diseases that have affected humanity.
Doctors say that the division of blood into four types occurred due to infections attacking the human body, as a result of which the cells mutated in response to the threat, thereby adapting to the surrounding environmental conditions.
Character by blood type
Blood type determines many characteristics of the body, such as eating habits and susceptibility to certain diseases. Are blood type and character related? The following assumptions are based on my personal experience:
- the first blood type - the character of a typical extrovert, a very sociable and creative person, self-confident, a born leader;
- second blood type - the character corresponds to a serious and reliable person who is careful in everything, loves peace and tranquility, but is also endowed with artistry;
- the third blood group has developed traits such as independence, devotion, willpower, and endurance;
- people with the fourth group are responsible and caring, showing reliability along with shyness and modesty.
Does Rhesus affect personality and will 1 negative and 1 positive blood group differ in this aspect? The character on this basis does not change, because it is determined by many factors, and rhesus will not be decisive here.
The role of glycoproteins in the body
Currently, more than 250 erythrocyte antigens are known, which, in fact, are glycoproteins or compounds of protein and carbohydrates. They are combined into 30 erythrocyte systems. The combination of these numerous antigens constitutes up to one and a half million groups. The combinations of these antigens are individual for each person and can only be the same in monozygotic twins. It is worth noting that these substances have a tremendous effect on our body. They are present not only in red blood cells, but also in all cells of our body. The ability to resist various diseases directly depends on their quantity.
The absence of aglutinogens will mean the absence of a protective barrier in the body, for example, the duodenal mucosa will suffer. There is a very specific microorganism, Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach and duodenal ulcers. Attaching to the walls of the mucosa, it begins to multiply, causing inflammation and ulceration of the area where the multiplication of this microorganism occurs.
It is statistically estimated that people with the first type have a 40% higher risk of getting duodenal ulcers than people with other types.
