“Pain in your head: Where does it come from and how to get rid of it”

JSC "Medicine" (clinic of academician Roitberg) operates a Pain Treatment Center. More details about the Pain Treatment Center

Pain Treatment Center, Neurologist

Alekseeva

Oksana Alexandrovna

22 years of experience

Doctor, highest qualification category, member of the European Association of Neurologists, Russian Interregional Society for the Study of Pain (ROIB), Association of Interdisciplinary Medicine. Has experience working in hospital and outpatient services. He has seven published works on neurology.

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A headache is one of the most unpleasant sensations a person can experience. Severe discomfort in the forehead, temples, crown or back of the head can indicate a variety of reasons, ranging from simple overwork and lack of adequate sleep to serious ailments that require immediate treatment.

Pain in the head can be throbbing, aching, pressing, cutting, squeezing. Its nature, degree of intensity, as well as localization often make it possible to determine the specific cause of its occurrence.

Causes of headaches

If you have a headache in your temples, this may indicate the presence of:

• high blood pressure (hypertension);
• low blood pressure (hypotension);
• food or chemical poisoning;
• infectious disease.

If your head hurts from behind, i.e. in the back of the head, this indicates:

• cervical osteochondrosis;
• high blood pressure.

If the frontal part of the head hurts, then most likely the patient has the following ailments:

• frontal sinusitis;
• meningitis;
• pneumonia;
• pinched occipital nerve;
• increased intracranial pressure.

If a headache begins to ache in the eye area, the specialist may suggest the following reasons for the patient:

• migraine;
• glaucoma;
• autonomic disorder;
• overstrain of the optic nerve.

Diagnostics

Diagnostic measures are carried out by a neurologist. If necessary, an infectious disease specialist, therapist, surgeon, and other specialists are involved in the examination. The purpose of the conversation with the patient is to clarify complaints, study the nature of the headache, and collect anamnestic data. The results of an external examination are often uninformative. In case of injuries, wounds, abrasions, local swelling, and bruises are found. In case of vascular pathologies, an increase or decrease in blood pressure is determined.

Assessment of the somatic status, identification of various syndromes (intoxication, infectious-toxic, characteristic of impaired renal function and respiratory system) allow us to suggest a possible cause of the symptom and determine the direction of further examination. The following techniques can be used:

• Neurological examination
  . Muscle strength, sensitivity, and reflexes are assessed. The study is informative for meningitis, arachnoiditis, encephalitis, intracranial hypertension, and in the late stages of atherosclerosis.
• X-ray of the skull.
  Most indicative of injuries. Allows you to avoid damage to hard structures (fractures of the arch and base). In chronic intracranial hypertension, including in patients with arachnoiditis, osteoporosis of the dorsum sella and digital impressions are detected.
• Electroencephalography.
  Performed to identify and assess the severity of brain dysfunction. With convexital arachnoiditis, it may indicate the presence of foci of epileptogenic activity.
• Ultrasonic methods
  . Echoencephalography is used at the initial stage of the examination. It is mandatory for suspected TBI; it makes it possible to quickly confirm displacement of midline structures, cerebral edema, and hydrocephalus. Duplex and Doppler ultrasound are recommended for the study of cerebral circulation.
• and MRI.
  They are clarifying diagnostic methods. They are performed to assess the structure of brain tissue, determine the location and nature of focal changes. Contrast studies are effective in vascular diseases.
• Lumbar puncture.
  It is used to confirm meningitis, arachnoiditis, hydrocephalus of various origins, and to clarify the characteristics and severity of TBI. The resulting cerebrospinal fluid is sent for microscopy, PCR is performed according to indications, and inoculation is carried out on nutrient media.
• Lab tests
  . They help assess the condition of the body, diagnose atherosclerosis, inflammatory diseases, and general infections. If the symptom has an allergic etiology, special tests are performed to identify the allergen.

Consultation with a neurologist

What to do?

• Severe pain in the head, often caused by reasons such as sinusitis, sudden jumps in blood pressure, migraine, acute inflammatory process in the body, severe emotional shock, physical trauma, require the participation of the attending physician - a general practitioner, who, if necessary, can refer you to a more specialized specialist.
• Prolonged headache deserves special attention, which can signal meningitis, serious damage to the nervous system, brain tumor, tuberculosis, syphilis, or the presence of parasites in the body. In any case, this cannot be done without the intervention of a specialist.
• If part of the head hurts or the whole head hurts with pulsating beats, then in most cases it is a migraine. Special anti-migraine drugs prescribed by a therapist or neurologist, acupuncture, massages and other non-drug methods carried out in a clinic will help you escape from it. At the same time, such a symptom may be a reason to be checked for the presence of otitis media, sinusitis, eye diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. It is extremely important to seek qualified medical help in a timely manner.
• The rapid appearance of a sharp pain in the head is one of the most dangerous, as it can be caused by significant problems with the vascular system - rupture of an aneurysm, hypertensive crisis and others. Along with this, the cause may be serious stress or cervical osteochondrosis. If you feel a sharp, previously uncharacteristic headache that appears suddenly, it is better to seek help from a doctor to rule out particularly dangerous diagnoses that require immediate treatment.

Prevention methods

Sharp pain in the head is a symptom of a number of disorders, which are often acquired. This means that they are easy to prevent if you follow the recommendations of doctors:

• give up bad habits - they form toxins that adversely affect brain cells;
• exclude from the diet fatty foods, sweets, salt and spices in large quantities, fast food;
• carry out moderate physical activity - it is important to maintain muscle tone to prevent diseases of the cervical spine;
• normalize your sleep schedule.

The Clinical Brain Institute specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases that manifest as severe headaches. Our center has modern equipment for conducting complex examinations, and our doctors have extensive experience in treating head pain. For most patients, it is enough to follow the recommendations at home, but the center offers the possibility of comfortable placement in a hospital.

When should you call an ambulance?

If a patient has a headache of moderate or severe intensity, according to medical professionals, it cannot be tolerated and it is better to take action as soon as possible. So, in particular, there are several signals with which you can determine in which cases you should act immediately and call an ambulance.

Doctors - specialists of JSC "Medicine" (clinic of Academician Roitberg) spoke about them:

• severe headache on the left, right, center, front or back and resembles blows - this is one of the symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage;
• The headache is tolerable, getting worse when lying down and going away on its own within 20-30 minutes when standing. This symptom can be caused by extremely dangerous illnesses: a brain tumor, serious consequences of a traumatic brain injury, problems with the cerebrospinal fluid;
• headache and dizziness are accompanied by loss of consciousness or unusual behavior of a person, as well as a deterioration in his motor activity (inability to get up, stand or walk independently). The cause may be a life-threatening disease that requires urgent treatment in a hospital;
• part of the head hurts or all of it, along with a sharply increased or increasing body temperature, can also be combined with discomfort in the muscles and photophobia. These are characteristic symptoms of meningitis, the positive outcome of treatment of which comes within hours.

On the basis of JSC "Medicine" (clinic of Academician Roitberg) there is a 24-hour emergency department, so if you recognize one of the symptoms listed above, do not hesitate, call specialists immediately. A serious illness that has been promptly and correctly diagnosed is much easier and faster to cure than to deal with the severe consequences of a neglected condition.

When is it necessary to see a specialist?

In some cases, headaches in the forehead, temples, crown or back of the head appear extremely rarely, go away on their own and do not require any treatment. However, you should know when this symptom needs timely diagnosis. Competent consultation with a specialist is required if you have the following headache symptoms:

• very headache, may be accompanied by nausea, photophobia, increased hearing sensitivity, numbness of a part of the body or face, deterioration of visual activity, increased body temperature, dizziness;
• not too pronounced, but the back of the head or other areas of the head often hurt, which requires taking medications to relieve discomfort;
• headache on the right, left or from the back of the head only (unilaterally);
• headache that appeared for the first time at a late age (after 50 years).

Symptom treatment

If you have a headache in the temples, back of the head, crown or forehead, the cause should be treated first, otherwise the discomfort will recur regularly. Therefore, if you do not need to call an ambulance, you need to visit the Pain Treatment Center at JSC Medicine (clinic of Academician Roitberg).

JSC “Medicine” (clinic of Academician Roitberg) employs the best specialists of the capital and region. The center has a convenient location: it is located in the center of Moscow, near the Mayakovskaya, Belorusskaya, Chekhovskaya, Novoslobodskaya, Tverskaya metro stations.

However, its main advantage over other clinics is the wide range of medical services provided at a high level for the diagnosis and treatment of headaches.

To understand what to do if you have a headache, you need to identify the cause. JSC "Medicine" (academician Roitberg's clinic) has the most modern equipment that allows for the most accurate diagnosis. These include methods such as:

• MRI;
• CT;
• PET/CT;
• ultrasound diagnostics;
• ECG;
• dopplerography;
• bone densitometry;
• echocephalography;
• 24-hour blood pressure test;
• multislice computed tomography.

There is also a large-scale clinical diagnostic laboratory, which allows performing analyzes as quickly as possible and with high accuracy.

Depending on the cause of the symptom, the therapist can begin treatment on his own or refer the patient to a more specialized specialist. In most cases, the following methods are used:

• drug therapy;
• psychotherapy;
• acupuncture;
• physiotherapeutic methods.

In more serious situations, surgery may be used after a thorough examination.

“Pain in your head: Where does it come from and how to get rid of it”

Headaches are most often the result of our behavior: lack of sleep, skipping meals and water, stress, eye strain, and so on. The pain can be relieved, but it cannot be completely avoided - the unpleasant sensations that incapacitate us allow the blood vessels to return to normal. In the book “Pain in your head: Where does it come from and how to get rid of it” (Alpina Non-Fiction publishing house), translated into Russian by Maria Smirnova, neurobiologist Amanda Ellison explains what headaches are like, where they come from and why painkillers Sometimes drugs do more harm than good. N+1

invites its readers to familiarize themselves with an excerpt dedicated to cluster headaches and its causes.

A cacophony of cluster headaches

I first encountered cluster headaches at age 25 while working at Oxford University. I was returning to the laboratory after lunch and a second before the elevator door closed I saw a student, whom I later learned was named Rachel. She sat hunched over in the hall at the table and literally banged her head against the wall on which hung the sign “Sealed Asbestos.” I pressed the button to open the elevator again and carefully approached her. Some part of us always thinks that if someone is upset, they probably just want to be left alone, but something about the involuntary nature of the stranger's movements made me wary. Besides, if she didn't want me around, she would have asked me to leave, and of course I would have complied.

I quietly sat down next to the girl, who now rested her forehead on the table. Her face was covered with hair. A gentle touch on her shoulder elicited a groan, as if I had made her condition worse. Finally she raised her head and began to sway; She clearly felt bad. I saw that Rachel's left eyelid was drooping, the eye itself was watery and bloodshot. The girl's face was red and her nose was stuffy. I looked into her eyes and it seemed to me that she was panicking. The thought flashed that she had been attacked, hit in the face, or had fallen down the stairs. However, all this was wrong. “My head hurts... It feels like it's about to explode... It's the worst thing I've ever experienced. “Nothing’s helping,” Rachel whispered, squeezing the left side of her head as if trying to contain its contents.

Welcome to the world of cluster headaches.

What is a cluster headache?

There are several common descriptions of cluster headache, which at the time I met Rachel (20 years ago) was unknown and relatively poorly defined. One of my favorite names for this type of headache is Bing's erythroprosopalgia. The term sounds very scientific, but I'm not sure that Robert Bing, the award-winning German-Swiss neurologist active in the early 1900s, would be impressed by my categorization. In fact, the name simply means redness (erythro-) of the face (prosopo-) combined with pain (-algia). Later, in 1926, London neurologist Wilfred Harris named the disorder migrainous neuralgia, further adding to the confusion and equating the disease with a migraine attack. This was followed by Horton's cephalgia, or more commonly remembered, Horton's headache, named after Bayard Horton, who described its pathogenesis (development of the disease) in 1939. I find it difficult to believe that anyone would want something so unpleasant to be named in his honor, but apparently to each his own.

The name for cluster headache that best describes the condition from an anatomical point of view is sphenopalatine (determining a group of nerve cells associated with the trigeminal nerve) neuralgia; but I am not entirely satisfied with this term either, because it is too special. However, by 1953, Charles Kunkle coined the concept of “cluster headache” because attacks tend to “cluster” both during the day and during a particular season of the year; This is the term I use. The matter eventually led to the founding of the Cluster Club in 1974 by the Norwegian neurologist Ottar Sjaasted, whose members included academic and clinical researchers. There is no doubt that interest in headaches has increased dramatically since 1960, when various societies and associations of this kind arose on both sides of the Atlantic. Subsequently, Ottar continued to fight the political storm, so that in the early 1980s. to unite representatives of world science specializing in the study of headaches within the framework of the International Headache Society.

Over the years, our understanding of cluster headaches has changed radically. Now, when it comes to figuring out what causes them, many factors are taken into account. Back in Horton's time, in the 1930s and 1940s, histamine was identified as the culprit, which was thought to be reflected in the seasonal nature of this group of headaches (they tend to occur in the spring) and in the specific symptoms that characteristic of them. However, gradually genetic abnormalities, activation of the autonomic nervous system, dysfunction of the hypothalamus and other factors were added to the list of possible causes. Some features of the lifestyle of patients are also considered, and here, first of all, attention is paid to smoking and alcohol abuse. So let's think about how cluster headaches manifest and how people experience them, to decide what impact each cause has and what we can do about it.

What is a cluster headache?

For a headache to be considered a cluster headache, it must have certain symptoms. Rachel, whom I met at Oxford, had an almost classic case, except that cluster headaches are four times more common in men than women. The patient's eye should become red and watery, part of the nose will be stuffy or mucus will be actively coming out of one nostril, the eyelid will be drooping or swollen, the pupil will be constricted, the face will be red and covered in sweat. In addition, the patient will become restless and sway or pace rapidly. He complains of pain somewhere above the eye and towards the temple as excruciating, as if someone is trying to press his eye into the socket or take it out. All this is felt only on one side of the head, but it is known that during an attack the side can change. Of course, the name “cluster” itself, as well as the indicators that tell us when, how and how often this headache occurs, are the key differences between it and migraine. Attacks occur from one to eight times a day every second day, and at least five attacks with the symptoms described above must be recorded at any stage of the disease before a diagnosis can be made.

These features were defined as cluster headache in 1998, when the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-I) first recognized the disease as a distinct disorder. Since then, two more editions of the ICHD have been released, with the latest, ICHD-III 2021, containing two descriptions depending on whether a particular cluster pain is episodic in nature (at least two cluster periods lasting from seven days up to one year, separated by a pain-free period of more than one month) or chronic (occurs without a period of remission, or pain-free periods last less than a month, and this continues for a year, or even longer). What happens in the body, what processes cause all these symptoms?

Causes of cluster headaches

The first clue lies in our genes, because it is under their control that proteins are created - the building blocks that determine not only how we look, but also how our bodies function. The reason we suspect genetics is that 5 to 10 percent of cluster headache patients have a family history of the condition. However, it is likely that many genes are involved.

Some basic biology: each of our cells has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), but each of our gametes, that is, eggs in women and sperm in men, contains only 23 single unpaired chromosomes. When the male and female gametes fuse, these chromosomes are combined into 23 pairs (46 chromosomes in total), which is how we get one half of the chromosomes from our male parent and the other half from our female parent. 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomal (non-sex). The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes, where you will have two X-shaped chromosomes if you are genetically female, and one X-shaped and one Y-shaped if you are genetically male. Sometimes, as with cluster headaches, genetic abnormalities can be passed along with all the other traits (see page 183 in Chapter 7 to learn more about the traits).

Some traits are dominant, which means that the presence of a given gene in one of the parents is sufficient for it to appear in the offspring. However, if the trait is recessive, the gene must be passed on by both parents, and then the trait will appear in the child.

However, while it is true that the traits encoded by the 100,000 genes on each chromosome make us who we are, there are other factors at play. The most significant is known as epigenetics, or conditions that influence genes to be turned on or off without affecting the DNA sequence. This is why cloning rarely produces genetically identical organisms that look exactly alike

, thereby completely ignoring the plot of many B-movies - films like this always make me throw popcorn at the screen. The intrauterine and postnatal environment, even the way parents interact with their offspring, can change the process of protein production through gene expression, without changing the structure of the chromosome's DNA. Thus, we and our behavior are shaped every day by the close interaction between our genes and our environment. Patrick Bateson, a zoologist from Cambridge, described it perfectly. We all begin our lives with the ability to develop in different ways: we have the opportunity to play any number of “development melodies.” Patrick calls it a “developmental jukebox.” However, the important thing is that our environment chooses the melody. This doesn't mean that genetics don't play a role, they do: your genes determine which "developmental tunes" from which the environment will make choices you store in your jukebox - but epigenetics takes care of the rest.

So we shouldn't have a narrow view of genetic factors. Yes, an abnormality may indicate a predisposition to a particular trait or disorder, but we also need to think about the circumstances under which the trait manifests itself and whether we can, through some changes in our environment or behavior, stop it. In the case of the cause of susceptibility to cluster headaches, the most evidence points to the gene that is responsible for creating the orexin receptor, also known as hypocretin. This means that orexin has great potential to influence what happens in the brain. The orexin receptor gene (with the tricky name HCRTR2) is autosomal dominant, that is, it is not located on the sex chromosomes and will be transmitted only from one parent), and it is also polymorphic - there are different variants of its sequence. Some of these variations may affect how the engineered receptor acts by changing its susceptibility or what compound the receptor will bind to. This process is still poorly understood and not limited to HCRTR2, but let's follow this particular rabbit a little further into the hole.

The role played by the gene encoding orexin is mainly manifested in the hypothalamus, where it is involved in the regulation of eating behavior, as well as sleep and wakefulness, mating, maternal behavior and much more. Orexin is released in higher concentrations after a period of fasting, but also responds to taste stimuli when food is consumed. Let's say you're at a restaurant and have a great meal, and then the waiter brings you the dessert menu. Considering that the wait staff works so hard, it would certainly be rude not to at least look at the list of desserts. However, then you notice the chocolate cake served with Madagascar vanilla ice cream. Orexin has the ability to suppress any satiety indicators that reach your hypothalamus and allows you to "find a spot" (presumably in a separate area of ​​your stomach reserved for dessert) even when you're full.

In addition, orexin plays an important role in the reward system for substances other than food, such as alcohol, nicotine, and drugs such as cocaine. Jessica Barson of Drexel University in Philadelphia and Sarah Leibovitz of The Rockefeller University in New York believe that orexin synthesis is accelerated by early exposure to these substances, so the environment plays a role in our development. Perhaps it should not be surprising then that among people with cluster headaches, the smoking rate is about 90 percent for men and 70 percent for women, and this is much higher than the smoking rate among the rest of the population. Even exposure to secondhand smoke in childhood affects the incidence of cluster headaches. However, rather than implicating nicotine as a cause of cluster headaches, it should be considered that the correlation may simply be due to the action of the orexin-sensitive receptor HCRTR2. This idea seems to be confirmed by smokers themselves. Anna Ferrari and her colleagues at the University of Modena in Italy acknowledge that even though people who smoke appear to have a more severe experience of cluster headaches than non-smokers, quitting smoking does not make them free of attacks.

As it turns out, those who suffer from cluster headaches and those who treat them believe that alcohol is the causative agent of this disease. According to early studies, there is a greater chance that such a patient will be not only a heavy smoker, but also a bitter drinker. However, do not rush to assign alcohol as the main cause of this headache. One way to look at the problem is that the atypical action of orexin makes it easier for people with the disorder to become addicted to, say, nicotine or alcohol, but neither of those substances actually takes you into the land of cluster pain— Orexin does this.

However, smoking and alcohol can have a detrimental effect on any headache and may therefore make cluster headaches worse. Nicotine, a psychoactive substance found in cigarettes and more modern vapes, works by constricting blood vessels in the cerebrovascular system. Blood pressure increases, which means the heart has to work harder. With long-term exposure, carbon monoxide levels in the blood increase and exceed those found in people living in the world's most industrialized cities. Both factors deprive the brain of optimal amounts of oxygen. This can lead to migraines, as we will see in the next chapter, but for all other types of headaches, restoring the width of the vascular lumen produces a pain effect in the same way as was discussed in the chapters on sinus and stress headaches.

Read more:
Ellison,
A. Pain in your head: Where it comes from and how to get rid of it / Amanda Ellison. - Per. from English [Maria Smirnova] - M.: Alpina non-fiction, 2021. - 276 p.

Headache during pregnancy

Headaches are common during pregnancy: the symptom is especially pronounced during the 1st and 2nd trimesters. There may be several reasons that provoked the appearance of an unpleasant sensation:

• hormonal changes in the body and, as a result, vasospasm;
• a sharp jump in blood pressure due to increased weather sensitivity;
• stuffiness and staying in an insufficiently ventilated area;
• lack of sleep;
• curvature of posture.

Headache during pregnancy, especially if it appears more than once, should under no circumstances be ignored. Self-medication during this delicate period is strictly contraindicated, therefore no medications should be taken without the knowledge of the general practitioner.

Treatment

Conservative therapy

The treatment plan is drawn up taking into account the cause of pain:

• Tension headaches
  . To normalize the psycho-emotional state and restore muscle function, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and NSAIDs are used. An occipital nerve block is performed. Relaxation therapy, biofeedback and acupuncture sessions are carried out.
• Vascular pathologies
  . For arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, diuretics, and antiplatelet agents are indicated. Arterial hypotension and VSD are corrected by hydrotherapy, massage, acupuncture, aromatherapy, medicinal electrophoresis, prescribing adaptogens, vitamins, antioxidants, tranquilizers, and antidepressants.
• Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system
  . When treating acute bacterial inflammation, massive antibiotic therapy is necessary. For viral etiology of the disease, symptomatic and restorative drugs are used. For arachnoiditis, glucocorticosteroids, antiepileptic, antiallergic, and dehydration agents are prescribed.
• TBI
  . Therapeutic tactics are determined by the type and severity of the injury. Nootropics, neurometabolites, and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective. For open injuries and infectious complications, antibiotics are required. In severe cases, infusion therapy is carried out, and measures are taken to maintain vital functions.
• General infections and intoxications
  . In case of infectious pathologies, it may be necessary to eliminate the pathogen, and in case of intoxication, the use of antidotes. The detoxification program is determined by clinical symptoms. In mild cases, drinking plenty of fluids is sufficient; in severe cases, infusions of colloid and crystalloid solutions and stimulation of diuresis are carried out.

Surgery

The following surgical interventions can be performed:

• removal and evacuation of intracranial, subdural, epidural hematomas;
• separation of adhesions during arachnoiditis;
• restoration of cerebral circulation by anastomosis, reconstruction of arteries, endarterectomy.

Patients with hydrocephalus, which cannot be eliminated by other conservative and surgical methods, undergo cystoperitoneal, ventriculoperitoneal or lumboperitoneal shunting. Endoscopic ventriculocisternostomy and external ventricular drainage are performed.

Treating headaches at home

There is no universal remedy for headaches, but at home you can try to reduce discomfort in cases where they do not require immediate consultation with a specialist.

• Essential oils of peppermint, lavender, chamomile, and lemon have a calming effect. It is enough to lightly rub your temples, the back of your head, and your neck (in places where the vein pulsates).
• Strong, sweet green or black tea with honey reduces the intensity of pain.
• Coffee often helps relieve pain: the caffeine it contains constricts blood vessels in the brain and relieves discomfort.
• A cold wet compress applied to the forehead partially eliminates the discomfort.

If your headache is severe, try to sleep in a dark, ventilated room.

Diagnostic methods

To choose an effective headache treatment regimen, it is important to undergo a full examination and determine its cause. To do this, a set of tests is prescribed to assess the condition of the heart and blood vessels, brain and other organs. It may include the following techniques:

• General and clinical blood tests - allow you to identify inflammatory processes, acute and chronic diseases of internal organs;
• electroencephalography is a method for diagnosing the brain, thanks to which it is possible to detect signs of tumors and vascular pathologies;
• MRI is an informative technique for assessing the patient’s condition in case of stroke, sinusitis, trauma and other pathologies;
• Ultrasound of the vessels of the neck and head using a contrast agent (Dopplerography) - allows you to determine atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases.

The Clinical Institute of the Brain has all the conditions for accurate and comfortable diagnosis. Doctors have extensive experience in treating diseases that are accompanied by severe headaches. They will prescribe only the necessary examinations to quickly determine the cause of the pain and prescribe an effective treatment regimen.

How to cure a headache with one injection?

The Center for the Study of Pain of JSC "Medicine" (clinic of Academician Roitberg) uses targeted (targeted) treatment of migraines with the monoclonal antibody drug "Irinex", which is administered subcutaneously by injection. This method has already helped thousands of patients in the USA and Europe, and has now become available in Russia.

Specialists at the Pain Research Center approach migraine treatment in a comprehensive manner. This approach allows us to minimize the impact of the disease on the body and overall health. The combination of various methods of rehabilitation and therapy allows you to achieve excellent results in a short time and a significant improvement in the quality of life.