An experienced cardiologist conducts consultations at the Rossimed clinic. We use modern diagnostic methods and effective methods of treating heart diseases.
Tachycardia is not a separate disease, but is a consequence of pathologies in the functioning of other body systems. This is a type of arrhythmia in which the pulse rate increases to 90 beats or more.
A rapid heartbeat is not always a symptom of any disease. In healthy people, the cause of tachycardia can be increased nervous or physical stress. Moreover, its occurrence can provoke both negative and positive emotional experiences. An increased heart rate triggers the release of adrenaline.
Light physical activity, such as brisk walking, jogging, climbing stairs, and long-term strength training. This condition is considered normal and does not require treatment. Elimination of external factors leads to the restoration of the usual rhythm. However, doctors also identify pathological tachycardia, which is caused by cardiovascular, endocrine and other diseases. In this case, in addition to rapid heartbeat, patients also experience a number of associated symptoms:
- Lack of air.
- Dizziness.
- Restlessness, anxiety.
- Fainting conditions.
- Visceral pulsation of blood vessels in the neck area.
It should be noted that in a child under 7 years of age, the pulse is constantly more frequent than in an adult, and reaches up to 120 beats/min, which is considered normal.
In adolescents, tachycardia is a consequence of the rapid growth of the heart and the discrepancy between its size and the formed vascular system.
In older people, increased heart rate can be observed both during physical activity and at rest. This is due to age-related changes, diseases of the heart, endocrine system, and high blood pressure as a result of changes in the structure of blood vessels.
What to do if you overdose on nicotine
As an emergency:
Provide the victim with a horizontal position. The best position is on your side. It will help prevent vomit from entering the trachea.- Call an ambulance.
- Unbutton the collar of the patient's clothing, loosen the belt, and provide a flow of fresh air.
- If the person is conscious, give him a weak pink solution of potassium permanganate to drink. Be prepared for it to induce vomiting.
- After cleaning the stomach, give activated carbon or any other sorbent available.
- Talk to the patient, do not let him lose consciousness.
- Meet the ambulance crew, tell the doctor about the first aid provided for a nicotine overdose and the dose that caused the poisoning.
The intensity of further measures depends on the severity of the patient's condition. For mild poisoning, treatment can be carried out at home or on an outpatient basis. If the doctor diagnoses life-threatening signs, the patient is hospitalized.
Four stages of De Quervain's thyroiditis
- Initial stage (acute, thyrotoxic). Lasts 3-6 weeks. It is characterized by clinical manifestations, which we reviewed earlier. According to the hormonal test, a high level of free T3 and T4 is noted against the background of a reduced level of TSH.
- Euthyroid stage. Lasts 1-3 weeks. Destroyed follicles stop producing thyroid hormones.
- Hypothyroid stage. Lasts from 2 to 6 months. Transient hypothyroidism appears.
- Recovery. Normalization of the thyroid structure and restoration of previously lost gland function.
General information about the substance
Nicotine looks like an oily liquid, has no color and has a pungent odor. Over time it turns dark yellow. Contained in nightshade plants, in greater quantities in tobacco leaves, in smaller quantities in tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes and green peppers. Along with alcohol, it is the most common psychoactive substance consumed when smoking cigarettes.
When it enters the bloodstream, the drug quickly spreads throughout the body, and when inhaled, it reaches the brain within a maximum of 7 seconds. After 3 hours, its amount in the body is normalized, and after two days it is completely eliminated.
By acting on nerve connections, the substance leads to:
increased adrenaline production,- increased heart rate,
- constriction of blood vessels,
- increased blood pressure,
- psychostimulating effect.
In small doses it leads to suppression of inhibitory processes and increased excitation, and in larger doses it suppresses excitation and leads to behavioral disturbances.
Substance:
- Deteriorates visual acuity, increases pressure inside the eye. Many teenagers who smoke perceive green, red and blue colors worse over time.
- Increases tone and causes vasospasm. Because blood is more difficult to pass through narrowed vessels, the heart has to do more work. To adapt to a greater load, it needs to increase in size due to muscle fibers.
- It impairs physical strength, endurance, coordination and speed of movement, so sports and nicotine are incompatible.
What happens in the body after quitting smoking
Quitting smoking means completely restoring your health. Many processes that started at the moment of addiction to an addiction are reversible. But for the body to fully recover, it will take not one, two, or even three years. The stage is long, up to ten years.
Despite many changes, it is not always possible to see them with the naked eye, because they are not only external, but also internal:
- Reduced blood pressure;
- Cleansing and strengthening the walls of blood vessels;
- Restoration of the bronchi, cleansing of accumulated sputum;
- Increased life expectancy;
- Restoring the sense of smell and taste buds.
This is not a complete list of what happens after giving up a bad habit.
The main question that interests women is whether their appearance will change after they return to a healthy lifestyle. The answer is yes.
Moreover, the first changes can be assessed after a few weeks. The face acquires a healthy color, the color of the teeth is restored, a pleasant smell from the mouth appears, the color of the nails changes, and the hair structure is strengthened.
If you previously had problems conceiving a child, they will most likely go away too. After quitting smoking, hormonal levels are restored, and the likelihood of conceiving a child and bearing it completely healthy increases.
In men who have given up their habit, erections improve, the duration of sexual intercourse increases, and the quality of seminal fluid improves.
Diagnostics
The doctor begins the appointment with a detailed medical history. Then he begins to examine the patient. Measures blood pressure and listens to the heart. However, to make a diagnosis it is necessary to undergo a series of examinations. These include:
- Laboratory blood tests can determine the level of hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
- Ultrasound of the heart (ECHO GC) is carried out to assess the condition of the organ structure, identify pathologies and developmental anomalies.
- An important examination method is EGC and 24-hour Holter monitoring.
Sometimes echocardiography and cardiac MRI are prescribed to obtain more detailed information.
Classification of tachycardia
Depending on the reasons that cause increased heart rate, the physiological form of the pathology is divided, which is an adequate response of the body to the influence of external factors. These include:
- Physical exercise.
- Excessive emotional stress.
- Taking tonics and certain medications, for example, corticosteroids, adrenaline, caffeine, atropine.
In addition, increased contraction of the heart muscle can be caused by unfavorable climatic conditions, for example, extreme heat, high humidity levels. Pathological tachycardia is a consequence of various diseases of the heart and blood vessels, malfunctions of the endocrine and autonomic systems and can develop due to:
- Dehydration of the body.
- As a result of severe blood loss.
- Against the background of high temperature caused by infectious and viral diseases.
In addition, rapid heartbeat is observed in patients with anemia, hyperthyroidism, adrenal tumors, neuroses and psychoses. However, common causes of pathological tachycardia are:
- Heart failure.
- Myocardial infarction.
- Cardiac ischemia.
- Congenital or acquired defects.
And other organ pathologies.
Normally, the electrical impulse that causes the heart muscle to contract originates in the sinoatrial node. If this process is disrupted, sinus tachycardia occurs. The number of heartbeats can range from 120 to 220 beats. It is observed in patients who have had a heart attack, suffering from angina pectoris, ischemia and other cardiovascular diseases.
In addition to constant rapid heartbeat, a person notices heaviness and pain in the chest, dizziness, shortness of breath, night sleep is disturbed, appetite decreases, and mood drops. Due to impaired blood supply to organs and lack of sufficient oxygen supply, some patients experience fainting, cold extremities, and convulsions.
If the impulse that excites myocardial contraction is formed outside the sinus node, then we are talking about ectopic tachycardia. There are several types of this pathology depending on the location of the formation of electrical activity. With ventricular tachycardia, in addition to a rapid pulse, the number of beats of which reaches 220 per minute, the following is observed:
- Feeling of squeezing in the region of the heart.
- Dizziness.
- Loss of consciousness.
Atrial tachycardia is less common. The pathological condition manifests itself at times and can last from several days to months. It occurs without pronounced symptoms, which may go unnoticed in elderly patients.
A common form of pathology is artiventicular tachycardia. Characteristic features are:
- Sudden onset of an attack lasting from several minutes to a day.
- Fall in blood pressure.
- Sensation of pulsation in the vessels of the neck.
- Suffocation.
- Disorder of consciousness.
This form of tachycardia is more often observed in females.
Nicotine overdose: symptoms
Overdose occurs when any form of nicotine (tobacco, nicotine patch, gum, nasal spray, inhaler or cigarettes) is taken in excess. In most cases, it occurs with long-term abuse when a person is trying to quit smoking or participating in a nicotine withdrawal program. Among the main symptoms of chronic overdose of nicotine from cigarettes and other forms of this substance:
- extreme anxiety
- cold sweats,
- dizziness,
- headache,
- muscle twitching,
- insomnia,
- tingling sensation
- panic attacks,
- depression,
- heartbeat,
- high heart rate,
- high blood pressure,
- fatigue and weakness,
- loss of appetite,
- diarrhea,
- stomach ache,
- nausea,
- vomit,
- chest pain,
hearing or vision problems.
The appearance of several of the above signs of a nicotine overdose is a serious reason to contact a narcologist.
Taking a large amount of nicotine-containing products in a short period of time leads to a sharp increase in their content in the blood. In this case, an acute condition occurs, characterized by the appearance of:
- pronounced smell of tobacco from the mouth,
- symptoms of intoxication (salivation, nausea, vomiting),
- weakness,
- stomach ache,
- sweating,
- pale skin,
- a sharp increase in blood pressure and pulse rate,
- blueness of the nasolabial triangle,
- unsteadiness of gait,
- headache,
- problems with speech, swallowing, vision,
- seizures
Such consequences of nicotine overdose require immediate response. For signs of acute poisoning to appear, it is enough for an adult to smoke 6-7 cigarettes within an hour , for a child to eat the contents of one cigarette.
Consequences of abuse and overdose
Uncontrolled intake of nicotine in any form is fraught with the appearance of diseases such as:
heart diseases,- hypertension,
- overactive thyroid disease,
- disorders of the liver or kidneys,
- diabetes,
- asthma,
- chronic lung pathologies.
An overdose may cause paralysis of the muscles that control breathing or the heart, leading to respiratory arrest and coma. The prognosis depends on the dose taken, age, individual characteristics of the patient, the presence of severe concomitant diseases, and how long the nicotine overdose lasted.
A lethal dose for humans is considered to be 0.5 - 1 milligram of a substance per kilogram of weight . From one cigarette smoked, one milligram enters the body.
Nicotine overdose is a serious condition and should not be taken lightly. Timely intervention often saves lives.
Treatment of thyroiditis
Mild subacute thyroiditis goes away on its own within 2-6 months. The fundamental principle of treatment is symptomatic therapy - that is, the elimination of external manifestations that cause discomfort to the patient. The drugs of choice are glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In the case of transient hypothyroidism and subacute thyroiditis, HRT is indicated.
The attending physician is faced with the task of reducing pain, relieving symptoms, as well as preventing possible relapses of the disease.
