One of the symptoms of acute cerebrovascular accident is dizziness. In case of a stroke, the doctors at the Yusupov Hospital begin treating this subjective sensation by determining its cause. Complex treatment at the rehabilitation clinic of the Yusupov Hospital, including pharmacotherapy, vestibular gymnastics, and stabilization training, leads to a decrease in the intensity and duration of dizziness, a decrease in coordination disorders, and an increase in the stability of the vertical posture.
Causes of dizziness during stroke
Dizziness is divided into true, associated with damage to the vestibular analyzer, and non-systemic, which occurs outside the vestibular apparatus. In turn, vestibular vertigo is divided into three groups:
- peripheral (damage to the labyrinth);
- intermediate (occurs in the vestibular nerve);
- central (occurs in the central nervous system).
There are the following causes of central vertigo:
- acute ischemia in the brain stem (stroke, transient ischemic attack);
- chronic cerebral ischemia;
- whiplash injury to the cervical spine;
- brain injuries and tumors.
The most common causes of peripheral vertigo include Meniere's disease, vestibular migraine, and head injuries.
Dizziness during a stroke and after an acute cerebrovascular accident in 95% of patients is associated with damage or disruption of the blood supply to the cerebellum, which is responsible for a person’s balance and coordination in space. Disruption of the recovery process after a stroke (alcohol abuse, insufficient sleep, smoking) contributes to the persistence and recurrence of dizziness.
Poor nutrition, high levels of lipids, table salt, and simple carbohydrates in the diet slow down the process of recovery of brain cells. Physical and emotional stress, fear, and depression can cause dizziness as a result of autonomic dysfunction after a stroke.
A drop in blood pressure in stroke patients also causes dizziness and blurred vision. Diseases accompanying stroke (compression of the carotid arteries, osteochondrosis of the cervical spine) contribute to impaired blood supply to the brain and the occurrence of neurological symptoms.
Rehabilitation after ischemic stroke
Basic principles
1. Early start of the rehabilitation process - from the first hours of stroke development. At the very beginning, this is primarily:
Correct positioning of affected limbs
To prevent bedsores and the respiratory system, you should lie on both the healthy and paralyzed side. The healthy leg should be straightened, and the paralyzed leg should be brought forward slightly, slightly bent and placed on a pad. Place a pillow under the paralyzed arm.
To lie on the painful side, you should place a pillow under the patient's back to relax the muscles and stabilize him so that he does not roll out of bed. The paralyzed arm should be extended forward. Straighten your arm and place your palm up.
Attention: Do not lie on the paralyzed side for a long time.
The patient can lie with his head elevated for 15-30 minutes 3 times a day, starting from the first day of the disease.
Regularly changing the position of a post-stroke patient in bed
The position of the body in bed should be changed as often as possible. Prolonged pressure on the same areas of the body can lead to the formation of bedsores.
The patient’s position in bed should also be changed to improve bronchial function. If the patient is constantly in the same position, then sputum from some bronchi, under the influence of gravity, flows into the trachea and is coughed up, but from other bronchi, on the contrary, does not flow. And stagnation in any hollow organ leads to its inflammation. Even in the absence of dangerous microorganisms, microbes begin to multiply in the area of stagnation, which leads to pneumonia, which is difficult to cure in a weakened person. Frequent turns in bed help avoid this complication.
Massage
The massage procedure contributes to the overall health of the body, normalization of blood circulation in various parts of the patient’s body, restoration of lost functions or their compensation, normalization of muscle tone, increased joint mobility, elimination of trophic disorders in paralyzed limbs. The pathology of the connection between the muscles of a paralyzed limb and the nervous system leads not only to immobilization of the limb, but also to disruption of tissue nutrition.
Massage after a stroke
Therapeutic exercise (physical therapy)
Exercise therapy is a method of prevention using exercise, often combined with physical therapy and massage.
Exercises for recovery after a stroke
The sooner rehabilitation measures are started, the more lost functions will be restored or compensated.
2. Systematic long-term treatment over many months and sometimes years. Therapy (drug and non-drug) should continue in accordance with the recommendations of the attending physician.
3. Rehabilitation must be comprehensive. It is necessary to combine drug treatment with physical, psychological and speech therapy.
4. Consistency and phasing. At each stage, specific tasks should be set to restore lost functions. After completing the stage, the tasks change as your health improves.
5. Active participation of the patient and his family in the rehabilitation process.
Hyperbaric oxygenation
In diseases when the delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues is disrupted, including ischemic stroke, hypoxia develops - oxygen starvation. The brain is especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen and cannot function normally when it is deficient. In such situations, a modern treatment method, a type of oxygen therapy - hyperbaric oxygenation (HBOT), is used to improve oxygen supply.
Oxygen therapy: treatment and prevention of diseases
Hyperbaric oxygenation is a treatment method using pressure chambers in which the patient breathes an air mixture with an oxygen concentration 5 times higher than normal air. Due to the increased pressure and concentration, oxygen easily and quickly dissolves in the blood and is distributed throughout the body with its current. All tissues of the body are saturated with oxygen, even those in which blood circulation is impaired.
As a result, metabolic processes and blood circulation are improved, the neutralization and removal of waste and harmful substances from the body is accelerated, the functioning of all internal organs is normalized, the body's need for medicinal substances is reduced and their therapeutic effect is enhanced.
In addition, HBO has an anti-edematous effect, promotes the proliferation of blood vessels and restores blood supply to the affected areas of the brain.
Treatment can only be carried out after consultation with a doctor.
Physiotherapy
After a stroke, electromyostimulation, darsonvalization (electrotherapy), faradization (treatment using low-frequency alternating current in pulsed mode), balneotherapy (hydrotherapy), acupuncture, phototherapy and treatment with ionized air are prescribed.
Physiotherapy sessions are held at the Cardiological Sanatorium. The following medical services are also provided: hydrotherapy, inhalations, therapeutic massage, herbal medicine, exercise therapy and drug therapy.
Aromatherapy
The use of the following essential oils is recommended: oil of styrax benzoin, black pepper, eucalyptus, garlic, geranium, ginger, juniper, lemon, tangerine, rosemary, clary sage, thyme.
Oils are used for massage, as bath additives, and to scent the air.
Dizziness during stroke. Treatment
To treat dizziness, doctors at the Yusupov Hospital take measures to eliminate the cause that caused it. This is of particular importance when dizziness occurs during cerebral stroke, which develops as a result of arterial hypertension, cerebral atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus.
For dizziness in patients with arterial hypertension, the underlying disease is treated. For this purpose, cardiologists individually select drugs for antihypertensive therapy. With the development of cerebral stroke, dizziness is caused by a transient or persistent disruption of the blood supply to the peripheral or central parts of the vestibular system. Most often it occurs as a result of ischemia of the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem. During a stroke, dizziness is accompanied by the following neurological symptoms:
- ataxia (impaired coordination of movements of various muscles in the absence of muscle weakness);
- oculomotor disorders;
- bulbar disorders (with damage to the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves);
- paresis (partial impairment of motor function) and paralysis;
- sensory disorders.
Dizziness increases the possibility of falls, injury to patients, limits their functional activity, and reduces the quality of life. In this regard, vestibular rehabilitation, stability training, and improvement of postural control are important tasks in the rehabilitation treatment of patients with stroke.
Comprehensive rehabilitation treatment for dizziness during stroke, which is carried out at the Yusupov Hospital, includes:
- pharmacotherapy;
- vestibular and oculomotor gymnastics;
- use of exercise therapy methods (biomechanotherapy);
- stabilization training with biofeedback effect.
In order to reduce dizziness in patients with stroke, doctors at the Yusupov Hospital use drugs from the following groups:
- neuroprotectors, which include inhibitors and antagonists. They help improve cerebral circulation and also protect the brain from repeated damage;
- Betaserc, a drug that helps cope with disorders, has proven itself well, regardless of the duration of dizziness;
- dizziness decreases with regular use of anticoagulants.
After stopping an acute attack of dizziness, rehabilitation specialists gradually begin vestibular gymnastics. It is a type of therapeutic exercises aimed at accelerating the adaptation of the vestibular system to damage caused by acute cerebral ischemia. When carrying out this method of rehabilitation treatment, the ability of various parts of the central nervous system to reorganize due to structural and functional changes is used. The patient is asked to perform a series of exercises that have a mild irritating effect on the vestibular structures. Repeatedly performing them leads to the patient getting used to the irritation and the dizziness subsiding.
To treat patients with dizziness after a stroke, biofeedback specialists at the Yusupov Hospital include stabilometric training in a comprehensive rehabilitation program. The technique is based on biofeedback, in which specialists use the parameters of the projection of the general center of mass onto the plane of support as a feedback signal. During special computer “stabilometric games”, patients learn to voluntarily move the center of pressure with varying amplitudes, speeds, degrees of accuracy and direction of movements without losing balance.
Correction of dizziness in patients with cerebral ischemia
Difficulties in implementing methods for effective correction of the main clinical manifestations of acute (especially chronic) forms of cerebrovascular pathology in our country are associated with the above-mentioned medical and social problems, as well as the lack of objective epidemiological data on the incidence of various forms of cerebrovascular pathology. If to date, thanks to the efforts of the National Association to Combat Stroke, many regions of our country have statistics on acute strokes [Skvortsova V.I., Gusev E.I., Stakhovskaya L.V., 2003, 2007], then real data on There are practically no patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. These patients are most often observed and treated in primary outpatient clinics, where the lack of qualified neurologists often leads to errors in diagnosis. A trip to the clinic for patients in this group is often physically and psychologically difficult; sometimes they are observed only by a local therapist and they are given “complex” diagnoses, where cerebrovascular pathology, especially in the early stages, is not taken into account at all, and in later stages is not always classified even among the complications of systemic atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension. The standard diagnosis of “coronary heart disease” for local therapists and general practitioners is “familiar”, familiar and often made without much thought, and to make a diagnosis of “chronic cerebral ischemia”, despite the clear clinical picture, a consultation with a neurologist is also required (preliminary record for 2-3-4 weeks), and the results of repeated examinations. The prescription of effective therapy to correct the steadily developing clinical manifestations of the disease is put on the back burner. It should be noted that many manifestations of cerebrovascular disease form clinical syndromes quite early, which lead to social and everyday disadaptation. It is the syndromes of clinical and everyday maladjustment that intensify both subjective complaints and the objective severity of the disease, closing a vicious circle of deterioration in the patient’s quality of life, from which he often cannot find a way out either on his own or with the help of a doctor. Dizziness of varying severity is often an integral clinical component of both acute cerebrovascular insufficiency (primarily acute stroke, including vertebrobasilar localization) and various forms of chronic cerebral ischemia. Chronic cerebral ischemia (CHI) is a special form of vascular cerebral pathology, considered as a slowly progressive diffuse functional and morphological damage to the brain substance, resulting from a decrease in cerebral blood flow as a result of the involvement of cerebral vessels in the pathological process. There are several forms of chronic cerebrovascular diseases: subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy; multi-infarction condition; chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency due to pathology of the main arteries of the head; mixed forms (the most common combinations of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy and a multi-infarction state, a multi-infarction state and chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency) [Vereshchagin N.V., Morgunov V.A., Gulevskaya T.S., 1997; Yakhno N.N., et al., 2006; Skoromets A.O. 2005, 2006; Kalashnikova L.A., Gulevskaya T.S. 1998; Kotov S.V., 2001]. The varying severity of the clinical manifestations of chronic ischemia makes it possible, quite roughly, for the convenience of clinical practice, to distinguish several stages of the disease. Thus, the compensation stage is characterized by such subjective disorders as frequent headaches, irritability, decreased attention, moderate impairment of working memory and performance, sleep disturbance, absent-mindedness, general weakness with high fatigue, changes in life values, emotional lability, instability when walking; Episodes of dizziness of a non-systemic nature are typical, and initial symptoms of depression are often detected. If at this stage long-term adequate symptomatic and pathogenetic therapy is started, then it is possible to eliminate the symptoms. In the subcompensation stage, patients present similar complaints, however, attention is drawn to an increase in fatigue and a progressive decline in cognitive functions (attention and memory), an increase in intellectual and emotional disorders (neurotic and depressive reactions), a significant decrease in performance, more frequent and intense dizziness, significantly reducing quality of life of patients. It is at this stage that the patient’s maladjustment syndromes in the surrounding society begin to be clearly visible. In the stage of decompensation, the volume of complaints usually sharply decreases, which is due to a decrease in patients’ criticism of their condition. Along with this, there are clear complaints of memory loss, noise and heaviness in the head, sleep disturbances, instability when walking, severe persistent dizziness, usually occurring against the background of an increase or decrease in blood pressure, often occurring as vertebrobasilar vascular crises. The severity of intellectual-mnestic and focal neurological disorders increases. Upon examination, patients reveal persistent clinical signs of two or more neurological syndromes: pyramidal, discoordination, pseudobulbar, amyostatic, psychoorganic. Such patients are usually unable to work, since their social and everyday adaptation is severely impaired; they often require constant outside care, differing from patients with acute stroke only in the rate at which symptoms arise. In the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic cerebral ischemia in patients with CVD, systemic and local factors are important, leading to the emergence and progression of dysregulation in the functioning of the “blood flow-metabolism” system. The most unfavorable effect is exerted by the combined influence of several factors that determine the severe and rapidly progressing course of the disease. Systemic factors include, first of all, disturbances of systemic hemodynamics that arise as a result of a decrease in the pumping function of the myocardium, an increase or decrease in systemic blood pressure; disruption of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. A significant contribution to systemic disorders that provoke the progression of cerebral ischemia is made by the pathology of hemostasis: the appearance of spheroid and folded forms of erythrocytes and their conglomerates; change in their deformability; increased aggregation of formed elements and blood viscosity; change in endothelial cell volume; violation of coagulation potential; imbalance of components of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems, etc. Local factors causing the progression of ischemic cerebral disorders include atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusion of intra- and extracranial vessels that perform transport (main arteries of the head) and distribution (arteries located on the surface of the brain) functions. The role of “steal” syndromes and cerebral hypoperfusion, including those caused by taking antihypertensive drugs, vasodilators and reoprotectors, needs additional study [Odinak M.M., Voznyuk I.A., 2007]. A local factor provoking cerebral ischemia with a clinical picture of dizziness syndromes is often spinal pathology, including: dorsopathy caused by osteochondrosis and spondylosis with compression of the vertebral arteries; whiplash; additional cervical ribs; Iatrogenic influences, including unprofessional use of manual therapy methods. Cerebral hypoperfusion, which occurs when the vascular systems are damaged at the macro- and microcirculatory levels, stimulates excessive synthesis of nitric oxide, which leads to additional disruption of vasoconstrictor-dilator mechanisms, autoimmune shifts and the formation of persistent local extra- and intravascular inflammatory reactions that support long-term persistence of clinical symptoms, as shown in Figure 1. With the predominant involvement of vertebral vessels in the pathological process, the mechanisms described above form a persistent picture of vertebrobasilar insufficiency, manifested primarily by dizziness, which becomes a syndrome that sharply reduces the quality of life of patients. Dizziness occurs in almost 15% of patients with various types of neurological pathologies, and during a therapeutic appointment it occurs in 24% of patients [W. Osterveld, 1991]. What is “dizziness?” Dizziness is the illusion of movement in a stationary environment, as well as the sensation of rotation or movement of one’s body as a result of a mismatch of information between its sensory systems. By dizziness, patients themselves often understand a variety of sensations: rotation; falls; moving your body or surrounding objects; lightheadedness, anxiety; severe general weakness; premonitions of loss of consciousness; unsteadiness when walking; impaired coordination and gait. Dizziness of almost any origin may be based on morphological causes (ENT pathology, tumors) or a mediator imbalance of a vascular, atrophic, metabolic nature, caused by peripheral or central vestibular disorders, multiple sensory deficits, psychogenic disorders, circulatory disorders in the brain stem, cardiovascular diseases . Why is dizziness syndrome caused by so many different causes? And why is dizziness such a common clinical symptom in acute or chronic vascular pathology of the brain? This is due to the fact that the normal activity of brain structures is ensured by the coordinated activity of sensory systems of equal importance, disturbances in the functioning of which lead to dizziness, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. In conditions of vascular pathology of the brain, dizziness is associated both with pathology of the vertebral artery, which provides blood supply to the inner ear and the functioning of vestibular mediator systems, depending on the balance of the neurotransmitter histamine, and with the frequent loss of regulatory central cerebral influences. This combination is the most common cause of dizziness in people with vascular risk factors. Vascular dizziness usually begins acutely, lasts several minutes, and is accompanied by imbalance, nausea and vomiting. The cardinal sign of vertebrobasilar insufficiency are additional symptoms: blurred vision, double vision, dysarthria, falls, weakness and numbness in the limbs. Is there a safe remedy for effective symptomatic treatment of dizziness? Since very often a patient with dizziness needs help immediately, he is ready to receive this help from the hands of any specialist: a general practitioner, ambulance, local therapist, neurologist, etc. It has already been noted that the adequate functioning of the vestibular mediator systems depends on the level of the neurotransmitter histamine. Histamine has a pronounced local vasodilator effect and actively interacts with specific receptors, providing adequate local stimulation; energy conversion; control of behavior, neuroendocrine and some autonomic functions. For the first time, histamine was used as a therapeutic agent by the American otologist D. Shambaugh (1980), who tested it on himself for the treatment of Meniere's disease. The drug Betaserc (betahistine) is a pharmacological analogue of histamine, effective when taken orally for the treatment of dizziness, including vascular origin. The wide range of pharmacological activity of the drug is due to its complex action at three levels: on the cochlear blood flow, on the central and peripheral vestibular apparatus. Due to this multicomponent action, Betaserc inhibits the pathological activity of the vestibular nuclei, causes vasodilation in the inner ear and stimulates blood flow in the vertebrobasilar system, actively relieving the clinical manifestations of vertigo syndrome, including in patients with symptoms of acute and chronic ischemia in the vertebrobasilar vascular system system. Today, Betaserc is a safe medicine with proven effectiveness in treating the symptoms of dizziness and can be used as a first aid remedy even before the exact genesis of the disease is established. The standard dosage of the drug is 24 mg 2 times a day. The presence of this drug in the patient’s personal medicine cabinet allows for both treatment and prevention of more severe symptoms of dizziness. It should be noted that fairly rapid relief of the clinical symptoms of dizziness, usually following the administration of adequate doses of the drug, does not subsequently relieve the physician of responsibility for conducting a complete clinical and instrumental examination of the patient with symptoms of dizziness, which should include an assessment of complaints and medical history, a detailed general examination, examination of the neurological status, the earliest possible CT/MRI to exclude a space-occupying lesion, ultrasound examination of the main arteries of the neck and head, radiography of the cervical spine, examination of hearing, the vestibular sphere, consultation with an otoneurologist. When establishing or confirming a diagnosis of vascular pathology of the brain, the attending physician is obliged, in addition to symptomatic therapy, to carry out long-term punctuated complex syndromic therapy, including: correction of blood pressure to levels that ensure adequate cerebral perfusion, oxidative stress, which causes progression of damage to neuronal formations, as well as disturbances in the rheological properties of blood and neurotransmitter disorders.
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Caring for patients with dizziness after stroke
An important component of the rehabilitation treatment of patients with dizziness after a stroke is the organization of care and nursing. Impaired coordination of movements with preserved muscle strength in the limbs causes loss of self-care ability and a decrease in the functional activity of patients. They can cause injury and recurrent stroke.
In order to improve the quality of life of patients with dizziness, the latest technologies used in care are being introduced. Proper care is not opposed to treatment, but is organically included in it as an integral part and involves the creation of a favorable everyday and psychological environment at all stages of treatment. Due to the decrease in functional activity of patients with dizziness, he is recommended to use absorbent products (diapers for sedentary patients and absorbent panties for patients who have retained mobility).
After determining the cause of dizziness, an individual treatment regimen will be selected for you to get rid of the unpleasant consequences of a stroke. The use of modern recovery techniques allows specialists at the Yusupov Hospital Rehabilitation Clinic to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from dizziness after a stroke. Make an appointment with a neurologist by phone in advance.
Care after ischemic stroke
The patient should be in a bright, well-ventilated room, protected from extraneous noise, in which wet cleaning should be carried out regularly, at least 1-2 times a day.
The room should be ventilated several times a day so that the patient is not in a draft, and the average air temperature in the room is maintained at + 18-22 degrees.
Beds with sagging metal mesh cannot be used. It should be tightly stretched and covered with a dense mattress, for example foam rubber - the most hygienic and comfortable.
The caregiver is recommended to keep a diary in which to record indicators characterizing the patient: blood pressure, pulse, body temperature (it must be measured at least 3 times a day), the amount of fluid consumed (drinks, liquid dishes, fluid administered by infusion), the amount of excreted urine, frequency of bowel movements.
It is necessary to monitor the regularity of following the doctor's prescriptions.
To prevent congestion in the lungs, bedridden patients should do breathing exercises several times a day. The simplest type of breathing exercise is inflating a balloon.
In order to prevent bedsores, every 2-3 hours it is necessary to turn the patient over in bed, while performing a light massage of the skin on the back and sides of the chest, buttocks (stroking, rubbing). Special inflatable rings are placed under areas of the body where the risk of developing pressure sores is highest (heels, elbows, shoulder blades, buttocks, back of the head).
It is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of the patient's skin: regularly wash the patient's body with towels soaked in a weak soap solution, then wipe the skin dry. In some cases, camphor alcohol is used to cleanse the patient's skin.
After each meal, you need to clean your mouth of food debris.
Be sure to monitor the condition of the skin in natural folds (perineal area, groin and armpits, in women - under the mammary glands), as well as in fat folds. Areas of skin redness (maceration) should be treated with a gauze swab moistened with a pink solution of potassium permanganate or camphor alcohol.
If bedsores appear, you should consult a doctor about the rules of their treatment.
