Review of 9 Invasive and Non-Invasive Blood Sugar Monitors

Diabetes mellitus requires a person to pay increased attention to health. In particular, the patient must keep the level of caxapa in the blood under control. The saturation of the body's cells with energy depends on this. Their starvation can lead to dangerous consequences, including diabetic coma and death.

To measure your sugar levels you no longer need to visit a clinic. There are special devices - glucometers that are suitable for home use. They do not require medical skills and allow you to track your sugar yourself. We will figure out what types of glucometers there are and what to consider when choosing.

Types of glucometers

The classification is based on the operating principle of the device. Devices for measuring blood sugar levels are divided into invasive and non-invasive. The first involves pricking a finger and collecting capillary blood. They are:

• photometric;
• electrochemical;
• coulometric.

Express test strips are considered separately from invasive glucometers. This is not a device, but rather an indicator of sugar content. Although you also need to pierce your finger to use it.

For children and elderly patients, it is more convenient to use non-invasive ones. They do not require blood for analysis, so the measurement is absolutely painless. This category includes sensor devices (or Raman devices), including laser ones. They determine glucose levels based on subjective factors, so their accuracy is somewhat lower.

Reviews

Veronica: When my mother was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the question arose about buying a glucometer. After carefully studying the reviews, I chose Accu-Chek Active. The reasons for this were: the ability to purchase test strips in almost any pharmacy, the availability of data transfer to a laptop, and a sufficiently large amount of memory (350 measurements). The cost of the device was 1,200 rubles - this is the average price for products in this category. Mom mastered the device quickly and uses it regularly.

Anastasia: Since childhood, I was a chubby child, and with age the weight only increased. As a result, by the age of 45, she developed type 2 diabetes. I don’t need insulin injections, but I need to monitor my blood sugar every day. When buying a glucometer, I was interested not only in the price, but also in the depth of the finger puncture (I’m terrified of pain and blood). The sales assistant at the pharmacy got me one touch Select, which has a function for adjusting the puncture. For me, 3–4 is optimal (you can set more). The instructions for the device are so voluminous and informative that at first I was lost. The attending physician came to the rescue. He clearly explained how to take measurements correctly. It turned out to be nothing complicated. The only negative is the high price of test strips.

Igor: I have suffered from type 1 diabetes for about 20 years. I simply cannot imagine life without a glucometer. My day begins with him and ends with him. Satellite Plus is the best option in terms of price and quality. The measurement error in comparison with the laboratory analysis, which I regularly take at the clinic, is negligible. Using the device couldn’t be easier. We have the finished result in 20 seconds. The price of strips for analysis does not exceed 500 rubles. Reliable (I’ve been using it for four years now – no complaints). I'm completely satisfied.

Photometric glucometers

These devices read the change in color of a test strip onto which the patient's blood is applied. Such strips are coated with a reagent containing glucose oxidase. It gives specific responses to a particular level of glucose concentration, coloring the strip in the appropriate color.

You don't have to compare colors yourself. The scale is already stored in the device's memory. When a test strip is inserted into it, it compares its color with the values ​​on this scale and produces a numerical result.

Such devices are easy to use, but quickly break down. In addition, their optical system is so fragile that there is a high probability of breaking the glucometer during operation. And if the lens becomes cloudy, the results may be distorted.

Electrochemical glucometers

Their action is based on the amperometric method of analysis. The test strips here are also lubricated with a reagent, but when they come into contact with blood, coloring does not occur. During the reaction, electric current is released. Its strength depends on the sugar level.

Electrochemical devices eliminate a number of disadvantages of photometric devices:

• increased strength;
• the accuracy of measurements has been increased (current strength is a specific value, as opposed to color);
• the required amount of blood for analysis has been reduced.

A child, an elderly person or simply a person with a low pain threshold will definitely prefer this type of sugar meter. The depth of the puncture depends on the required volume of blood. If less is required, the procedure is less painful.

Reading information

Each glucometer is configured to the parameters of a given pack of test strips and reads information in the following way:

• codeless glucometer. This type of device is perfect for older patients;
• glucometer device with manual coding input function. The test strip code must be entered manually. An affordable and accurate device, but this type of device is convenient for people with good eyesight;
• glucometer device with chip function. The patient simply inserts a chip into the device, which is sold with test strips;
• glucometer device with automatic fine-tuning function without patient intervention. But the cost of a glucometer with such test strips is significantly higher. Although this is a very convenient type, it is better to choose for the elderly, novice users, and medical institutions.

As a result of everything stated, we can say that the accuracy of glucometer measurements does not directly depend on the method of processing information, but may depend on the correctness of the manipulations.

Coulometric glucometers

This is a type of electrochemical meters. The principle of determining glucose concentration is similar to amperometric. Only in this case, it is not the current strength that is assessed, but the electric charge. The required volume of blood for analysis is minimal compared to all other devices.

Amperometric instruments are more often used in laboratory practice, while coulometric instruments are usually used for home use.

The two subtypes differ in the price of consumables. Patients with type 1 diabetes need to measure their glucose more often. Therefore, it is more profitable for them to acquire an amperometric device with cheaper test strips. Coulometric tests are recommended for the control of type 2 diabetes.

Rules for using a glucometer

Anyone can use this device at home. The main thing is to have consumables (test strips) in stock if the measurement is carried out using an invasive method. It is important to monitor their expiration date: damaged products will not provide the required accuracy.

Using a glucometer comes down to a few simple steps:

• thorough hand washing;
• disinfection of the puncture site;
• pricking the fingertip with a lancet;
• applying blood to the test strip;
• inserting the strip into the device.

The sequence of the last two steps depends on the type of device. The photometric strip is inserted with blood already applied. It is placed clean in the electrochemical one.

There is no need to insert express strips anywhere. Just wait for the color to change. With non-invasive it is even easier. It is only necessary to ensure contact with the skin (the area depends on the type of device).

Is it possible to take blood from something other than a finger?

Traditionally, blood for testing is taken from a finger or from a vein. In the case of assessing sugar levels, venous is not very preferable. It contains more glucose than capillary, and there is a high risk of incorrect interpretation of the analysis. Therefore, blood for sugar is taken from a finger.

But there are many nerve endings in the fingertip. For many people, piercing is too painful. Therefore, there are high-quality glucometers that include the ability to analyze blood from:

• shoulder;
• forearms;
• shins;
• hips.

It's not that painful to pierce them. However, blood circulation in these parts of the body is slower than in the fingers. Therefore, changes in glucose levels do not always appear in a timely manner according to analyzes from alternative sites.

Device coding

This is a procedure on which the accuracy of the results depends. It allows you to bring the device itself and the test strips that come with it into maximum compliance. Older models required manual coding. It was replaced by electronic chips.

The most advanced devices do not require coding. It occurs automatically when the test strip enters the housing. The glucometer reads the code and configures itself.

No Coding technology was developed because it became apparent that most patients were not completing the necessary adjustments. The coding procedure cannot be ignored, as this reduces the accuracy of measurements. As a result, it is not possible to accurately determine the dose of insulin that needs to be administered to the patient.

iCheck iCheck

A device with an electrochemical measurement method and a memory for 180 readings. Calibrates the result using blood, which requires only 1.2 µl to take measurements. The cost of the model is about 1000 rubles. And among the reasons for its inclusion in the rating of the best options for purchase is the high quality of test strips coated with a special protective layer.

Not one, but two whole electrodes are responsible for the measurement result, which makes them more accurate. Although because of this, the measurement time is higher than most other glucometers - as much as 9 seconds. The user can find out the average result for a week or month. And the kit includes a small bag for storing the device itself and its accessories. The list of disadvantages includes the need for coding, although it makes the measurement results more accurate.

How to choose the right glucometer

You can see many models on the market. Equally high-quality devices differ in the degree of convenience for a particular user. You can understand which glucometer is best to buy for your home by answering a few questions:

• Which type of device is most convenient for you?
• Does the required blood volume matter? For the elderly, children and especially sensitive people, the depth of the puncture is important.
• Is measurement time important? Faster ones cost more, but not everyone needs them.
• What test strips are available in pharmacies near you?
• Is additional plasma calibration required? In simpler devices it is carried out through capillary blood.
• How much memory is needed? This determines how many last measurements can be recorded.

It is important to decide whether additional features are needed. Modern sugar meters can have a lot of them. But their presence is not necessary.

How to prepare for the test?

Before the test, it is important to exclude junk food, medications and alcohol, which affect the level of cholesterol concentration in the blood.

Avoid eating fatty foods for several days.

• The last meal should be no earlier than 12 hours before the test.
• The day before the analysis, avoid alcohol.
• You can drink water, even before the procedure.
• Immediately before taking the express test, it is advisable to relax and rest for 15 minutes, and also avoid smoking.
• If you are taking medications that affect cholesterol levels, for example, hormonal drugs, antibiotics, vitamin complexes, diuretics, statins, anti-inflammatory drugs, etc., warn the specialist who referred you for testing.

Why do you need a cholesterol test?

Cholesterol measurement is necessary for the early diagnosis of most diseases of the cardiovascular system (coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction), atherosclerosis and liver diseases.

You should also pay attention to cholesterol levels in case of kidney disease, pancreatitis, obesity, diabetes mellitus and alcohol abuse.

Jumps in cholesterol levels can accompany pregnancy, so it is advisable to keep your cholesterol within normal range.

Low cholesterol may be a symptom of the following diseases:

• hyperthyroidism
• chronic heart failure
• megaloblastic anemia
• thalassemia
• multiple myeloma
• sepsis
• acute infectious diseases
• end-stage liver cirrhosis, liver cancer
• chronic lung diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis.

Measuring your cholesterol will allow you to easily and quickly find out your level and receive recommendations from a diet specialist to correct your cholesterol and glucose levels to normal.

Additional functions of the meter

Typically, the device only measures the blood glucose concentration using a preset method. The kit includes the device itself, a set of test strips for the first time and a lancet for piercing the skin.

More expensive models come with statistical options, including separating measurements taken before and after meals. This is convenient for those who forget to fill out self-monitoring diaries.

A glucometer for an elderly or visually impaired person may have a voice assistant or a backlit display. The additional expense in this case is justified. You can also invest in an option with an auto-lancer, because not everyone has the fortitude to do it manually.

Options such as the ability to communicate with a computer or smartphone, the presence of extra control buttons and a timer are unimportant. Some sugar meters also analyze cholesterol levels.

Popular brands of portable devices

According to patients with diabetes, the best imported self-monitoring devices are represented by the Accu-chek and One-touch lines.

The most popular glucose meter in the One-touch line is the Select model. The device is easy to use and provides accurate measurement results. Other prerogative qualities include:

• Menu in Russian.
• Quickly obtain indicators (5–7 seconds).
• Function for calculating the average sugar level for a weekly, two-week and monthly time interval.
• Results saving function.
• Ability to transfer data to a computer.
• Automatic shutdown of the device.
• Long charge retention (up to 1500 measurements taken).

The device is packaged in a convenient case and has a lifetime manufacturer's warranty.

Negative fragments of reviews are associated with the high cost of strips. The highest-rated domestic glucometer is Satellite, produced by Elta. Diabetics especially like the Satellite Express model. The advantages of the device include:

• Result saving function (memory holds up to 60 values).
• Russian-language menu.
• Affordable price.
• Auto shut off when in use.
• Lifetime manufacturer's warranty.
• Duration of storage of strips.

The device comes with needles, strips, a convenient handle-holder, and a storage case. The Russian apparatus is assessed positively in terms of the “price-quality” parameter.

Rating of the best devices

A high-quality glucometer can only be purchased at a pharmacy or medical equipment store that has the appropriate license. There are numerous manufacturers on the market that receive positive reviews. Their ranking is as follows:

Tokareva Lyudmila Georgievna, therapist, medical offices 36.6

THERE ARE CONTRAINDICATIONS, BEFORE USE YOU MUST CONSULT WITH A SPECIALIST

Modern devices for self-monitoring of blood sugar levels

Determining blood glucose levels is one of the most common tests performed by clinical diagnostic laboratories. In addition to various laboratory methods for analyzing glucose levels, there are a large number of portable devices that operate on the principle of “dry chemistry”. We are talking about so-called glucometers, which allow you to carry out this procedure at home. The choice of device in each individual case depends on many objective and subjective factors, which are discussed in this article.

Historical reference

More than 100 years ago, it was discovered that eating carbohydrates increases the amount of sugar in the urine, and people with diabetes mellitus (DM) were advised not to eat foods containing carbohydrates as a treatment. The only method of monitoring the effectiveness of such restrictions was frequent determination of sugar levels in the urine using Benedict's reagent, a solution containing copper sulfate, citric acid and sodium carbonate. To carry out a qualitative analysis, it was necessary to add 8 drops of urine to 5 ml of the reagent in a test tube and boil the solution, holding it directly over the fire for 2 minutes. In this case, urine glucose was oxidized, as a result of which the intensity of the blue color of copper sulfate decreased, the color of the solution changed, and a colored precipitate formed. Color and sediment were indicators of urine glucose levels. A clear blue color without sediment indicated the absence of glucose, while changes in color - from green with a yellow sediment to deep orange or red - were directly related to the amount of sugar in the urine.

Determination of the level of glycosuria became most popular after the discovery of insulin in 1921 and was subsequently used in the treatment of diabetes. However, until 1941, that is, until Walter Compton and Maurice Treneer invented the first chemical test with a dry reagent in the form of Clinitest reagent tablets, there was no simpler way to control glycosuria. The tablets contained the same reagent as in the Benedict test, but in dry form with the addition of sodium hydroxide. The liquid needed to trigger the reaction was urine. The tablet was dropped into a small amount of urine in a test tube and an immediate reaction occurred, producing enough heat to cause it to boil. The glucose in the urine was oxidized, and the blue color of the copper sulfate was reduced, causing the solution to change color from blue to green to yellow and orange. The semi-quantitative result was assessed by visual comparison of the resulting color with the standard scale.

The first test strips with a “dry reagent” were demonstrated in 1956. We are talking about the Clinicix system - a test strip for determining glucose in urine. All necessary reagents (glucose oxidase, peroxidase and chromogen) were encapsulated in the porous strip base. The same enzyme principle was used in the 1964 development of Dextrostix, a disposable test strip for semi-quantitative blood glucose testing. The main component of the dry reagent contained three layers: a supporting layer, a reflective zone and a reacting zone. The water necessary to start the reaction was contained directly in the component under study (blood, plasma, serum, urine). The color obtained as a result of the reaction could be assessed visually by comparing it with a printed reference color scale. This allowed semi-quantitative analysis, the result of which depended largely on the user's ability to correctly compare the color of the test field with the sample. Many patients with diabetes who have vision problems could not correctly evaluate the results obtained, especially if there was a slight transition from blue to green.

Urinary glucose test strips are still used as a screening method and very rarely as a diagnostic method to adjust diabetes treatment. Despite the low cost of determining the level of glucosuria, this method does not allow prescribing high-quality treatment for diabetes, since it does not make it possible to detect hypoglycemia, and the results of the analysis depend on many factors affecting the renal excretion of glucose in the patient.

Considering the difficulties of qualitative subjective analysis of glycemic levels using visual test strips in patients with vascular and neurological complications of diabetes, manufacturers have developed devices for assessing changes in the color of the test strip.

Reflectometers

Reflectometers appeared in 1969 and were introduced by Bayer AG. They measured the reflected light from a colored test strip and converted the signal into a quantitative expression of glucose concentration. The first instruments were heavy and bulky, required manual calibration, and the test strip had to be rinsed and blotted before being placed in the instrument. The main advantage of these glucometers is that the measurement results were no longer semi-quantitative and, despite the wide analytical range, measurement errors that depended on the user’s ability to visually assess the color of the strip were excluded. However, the problem of misinterpretation of results was still present if the examiner did not scrupulously follow all manufacturers' instructions during the test. Thus, it was up to the user to comply with the rules for storing strips, programming the code, and obtaining a drop of blood of the required size (about 50 μl). It was also quite difficult to adhere to the time frame for applying a drop of blood to the test strip and the technique of erasing it from the test field before determining the color. If the test strip was not placed correctly in the meter, the test results would be unpredictable. These glucometers were designed in such a way that a chemical reaction to the test field occurred after placing the test strip in the glucometer, which subsequently required mandatory monitoring of the cleanliness of the optical zone of the device.

Nowadays, reflective glucose measurement systems are compact, easy to use and require minimal user intervention, which minimizes subjective errors. The use of new technologies (the color analyzer is placed under the test strip) eliminated the need to wipe off blood from the strip. Devices with automatic time counting appeared, and the amount of a drop of blood required for analysis was reduced to 1–2 μl. In addition, glucometers began to automatically warn the user about possible errors when measuring glycemia.

Biosensors

Biosensors appeared in the late 80s. last century and became the first generation of test strips using an “indelible” system for determining glycemia. A biosensor is a bioelectrochemical transducer that, together with a portable analyzer, registers the electrical signal produced during a biochemical reaction. Many devices use test strips with a sensor that includes an enzyme that very specifically accelerates the process of glucose oxidation and a mediator involved in the redox reaction.

The first glucose sensor, ExacTech (MediSense), used an electrode containing glucose oxidase as an enzyme and ferrosene as a mediator. The test field of the sensor consisted of two electrodes in the form of conductive “tracks”:

• bioactive working electrode containing glucose oxidase and ferrosene;
• a second electrode that functions as an auxiliary electrode and a reference electrode simultaneously.

The latest model sensors have three electrodes: reference, base and trigger, where the third electrode prevents high concentrations of uric acid, ascorbic acid and paracetamol from influencing the glucometer readings by “subtracting” electrons from the metabolites of the listed substances. The presence of excess (compared to normal) content of these compounds may slightly increase the level of glycemia.

When a drop of blood is placed on the test field, glucose is oxidized to gluconolactone and the glucose level decreases. The released electrons are absorbed by the mediator ferrosene, and the resulting compound is oxidized at the electrode. The flow of electrons is proportional to the blood glucose level.

A drop of blood in biosensors is applied to an electrode outside the device itself and does not come into contact with the internal component of the glucometer.

Principles of glucose measurement

The first chemical tests were too nonspecific, since they measured not only glucose but also other sugars and required the application of a very large drop of blood. Today, the measurement is more specific and less influenced by other sugars. Three enzymes are currently used to measure glycemia:

• glucose oxidase;
• hexokinase;
• glucose dehydrogenase.

The glucose oxidase method is more susceptible to the influence of various drugs and other endogenous blood components than both other methods.

Glucometers

The table shows reflex and biosensor systems for measuring glucose registered in Russia. When used correctly, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, all of them generally reflect fairly accurate blood glucose levels.

The criteria for choosing a device depend on the frequency of its use by the patient, the cost of the device and test strips, as well as other factors, which include: the size of the device and display, type of batteries and ease of replacement, ease of use, availability of memory, warranty service. In addition, the following factors are taken into account.

Blood volume

Over the years of using glucometers, the volume of blood required to correctly determine glycemic levels has decreased significantly. The first generation test strips required at least 50 µl of blood; in the latest generation glucometers this volume is less than 2 µl. The user should be aware that some blood glucose meters or sensors may give low results if the blood drop is not large enough. In addition, the result will be erroneous if an additional drop of blood is applied to the test field if the first sample was insufficient.

In practice, patients often confuse the two main methods of blood collection. The first is when blood is dripped onto a strip - in which case the volume of blood usually must be controlled by the person measuring it. The second (capillary) is when, when touching a strip inserted into the glucometer, a drop of blood is itself absorbed in the required volume, while the glucometer “knows” when to start measuring and when to finish it. That is why the first method requires up to 50 µl, and the best samples of the second method require 0.3–3 µl. Some patients, without reading the instructions, try to drip blood, as they have long been accustomed, onto the sensor strip and a week later they come to replace the glucometer, despite the complete working order of the device.

Thus, it should always be taken into account that if the measurement procedure is performed correctly, any glucometer will give an adequate result.

Expiration date of test strips and their storage

Test strips are individually packaged or placed in a special tube that usually contains silica gel (a desiccant) to prevent excess moisture from affecting the reagent. The user must ensure that the test strip container is closed immediately after removing the strip, as remaining test strips must be stored at a specified temperature and not exposed to excessive heat or cold. Although test strips are stable at room temperature and have a shelf life of about two years, improper storage can accelerate the deterioration of the reagent, causing incorrect blood glucose readings. Test strips should not be used if they have exceeded their expiration date. It is also important to know that after opening the tube, the shelf life of the strips, as a rule, does not exceed 3-4 months; for the Accu-Chek Active and Accu-Chek Go test strips - up to 1-1.5 years (regardless of moment of opening the tube).

Effect of hematocrit

When the blood plasma interacts with the dry reagent of the test strip, it wets the dry chemical agents, which initiates the reaction. This mechanism is influenced by hematocrit when whole blood is used. Blood samples with a high hematocrit or increased viscosity may affect the rate or amount of plasma absorbed and mechanically impede glucose diffusion, resulting in underestimation of glycemic values. Accordingly, a sample with a low hematocrit overestimates the blood glucose level.

Limitation of use

The correct procedure for applying the blood sample to the test strip must be used with each test, so blood glucose meters that use whole blood are not suitable for some patients. Such glucometers cannot be used in patients with hyperosmolar hyperglycemia, since glycemic values ​​may be significantly underestimated.

Please note that some medications and other substances specified by the manufacturer may affect the interpretation of measurement results. Reflective or biosensor glucose meters that use the glucose oxidase method of measuring glycemia are affected by high levels of blood lipids or bilirubin, paracetamol, vitamin C or uric acid.

Safety or Cross Contamination

The safety of using the device does not directly affect the performance of glycemic measurements, but the health of the patient and medical staff may be subject to cross-infection during the analysis. Safety is especially important when using a device on multiple patients (eg in a hospital setting), where you need to be sure that the selected device and lancets are the most appropriate for the situation and do not transmit infection. Medical staff should change test strips and, if necessary, clean the test zone of the device between blood glucose measurements in different patients, which is especially important when using glucometers in specialized children's hospitals to eliminate the risk of cross-infection.

Instrument calibration

Although blood glucose meters and sensors are calibrated by the manufacturer, users should also be aware of the calibration information for each pack of test strips or electrodes. Typically, code changes are manually made to the program using a special code button on the device. Because calibration has a significant impact on blood glucose results, manufacturers have attempted to minimize operator error when manually changing the code in the following ways:

• information about the code is in the test strip; the glucometer “reads” it independently;
• Each batch of test strips has a calibration key that is inserted into the meter;
• Each batch of test strips contains calibration strips to transfer the necessary information to the meter.

Almost all blood glucose meters use capillary whole blood to measure blood glucose levels. Devices calibrated with whole blood will produce different glycemic values ​​than those obtained with a meter calibrated with plasma, which should be kept in mind when interpreting your results.

Subjective factors influencing measurement results

Glucometers are widely used by both patients and healthcare professionals, ranging from nursing staff to professional diabetologists, and test results depend on the operator's ability to follow the manufacturer's instructions. Devices for personal use should be characterized by a minimum number of manipulations and be easy to use to reduce the likelihood of incorrect blood glucose measurements. Before recommending a particular device for home use, it is necessary to determine the patient’s capabilities and skills in performing this type of manipulation. Below are some of the most common features of blood glucose testing that help minimize operator error and improve the quality of your blood glucose measurements. Systems that do not require blood removal are characterized by the lowest number of operator errors.

Advantages of modern glucometers that eliminate user error:

• minimal user participation;
• applying calibration information to an electronic chip or calibration strip;
• minimum blood volume;
• capillary blood sampling;
• automatic counting of measurement time;
• no need to wipe off blood from the test area of ​​the strip;
• electronic warning about user errors;
• mandatory quality control of the measurement procedure.

Glucometer Glucochrome M

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 2.2–22 mmol/l;
• power supply - 2 batteries with a voltage of 1.5 V;
• permissible external conditions - 15–35°C, up to 75% relative humidity;
• measurement principle: photometric;
• analysis time - 2 min;
• calibration - whole capillary blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 15 values;
• dimensions - 50 x 130 x 18 mm;
• weight - 95 g (including battery);
• control of operation - using control strips included in the kit of the Glucochrome M device;
• Contents: device with battery, case, test strip, instruction manual.

Advantages of Glucochrome D test strips:

• designed for both visual and automatic assessment of the result;
• assessment colors are well defined and readable thanks to the separated reactive field;
• color stability after the reaction leaves enough time to evaluate the result;
• relatively low cost of test strips and the opportunity to receive them for free in some Russian cities.

Flaws:

• the measurement results depend on the user’s ability to strictly follow the operating rules of the device;
• test strips are packaged in a tube; storage conditions for open packaging should be carefully observed;
• the analysis requires a large drop of blood - 10 μl;
• It is necessary to erase a drop of blood from the test field of the strip after 1 minute. after application;
• The optical zone of the device requires cleaning.

Glucose meter Glucocare

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 2.2–25 mmol/l;
• power supply - 3 batteries with a voltage of 1.5 V (GP A 76);
• permissible external conditions - 15–30°C, humidity less than 85%;
• measurement principle: photochemical;
• analysis method - glucose oxidase-peroxidase reaction;
• analysis time - less than 1 minute;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 150 values;
• dimensions - 101 x 50 x 15 mm;
• weight - 58 g (including batteries);
• performance control - control strips;
• equipment - device, test strips (2 pcs.), pen for pricking the finger, 8 lancets, instructions;
• Warranty period - 3 years.

Advantages:

• memory for 150 analyzes with date and time indication;
• There is an interface to the computer.

Flaws:

• strips should be stored at a temperature of 5 - 30 ° C, in a dry place protected from direct sunlight;
• strips must be used within 3 months. after the first opening of the tube;
• Avoid direct sunlight on the test strip when performing the analysis;
• the influence of hematocrit and cholesterol and triglyceride levels on study results;
• taking orally or injecting large doses of vitamin C underestimates the true glucose concentration;
• Dehydration and kidney dysfunction may also affect test results.

Glucometer Elta-Satellite

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 1.8–35 mmol/l;
• power supply - 1 CR 2032 battery, voltage 3V;
• measurement principle - electrochemical;
• analysis time - 45 s;
• calibration - whole capillary blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 40 values;
• dimensions - 110 x 60 x 25 mm;
• weight - 70 g;
• control of operation - using the control strip included in the device;
• coding - manually;
• complete set - device with battery, strips in individual packaging (10 pcs.), case, control strip, instruction manual;
• The warranty period is unlimited.

Advantages:

• electrochemical measuring principle;
• does not require blotting of test strips and control of measurement time;
• each test strip is packaged in a separate sealed bag;
• a drop of blood is applied outside the device;
• Each device is covered by an unlimited warranty;
• economical due to its affordable price and the use of inexpensive test strips.

Flaws:

• a large drop of blood is required - at least 5 µl;
• There is no protection system against incorrect measurement procedures.

Glucometer One Touch Profile

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 0–33.3 mmol/l, higher results are displayed on the screen as the inscription “Hi”;
• power supply - 2 alkaline batteries, size AAA, voltage 1.5 V;
• permissible external conditions - 15–35°C, humidity 0-90% (without condensation), hematocrit 25–60%;
• measurement principle: photometric;
• analysis time - 45 s;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 250 values;
• dimensions - 109 x 66 x 30 mm;
• weight - 127.5 g (including battery);
• control of operation - using the control solution included in the device kit;
• coding - manually;
• equipment - device with battery, test strips (10 pcs.), Penlet Plus piercing pen, Fine Point lancets, control solution, case;
• Warranty period - 5 years.

Advantages:

• the test strip does not require wiping a drop of blood;
• the results obtained can be marked with the corresponding names of “events” (on an empty stomach, before breakfast, after breakfast, etc.);
• when you turn on the device for the first time, the average value of the results for 14 days appears on the screen;
• there is a function “Insulin Information”;
• You can view average results for 15 possible “events” on the screen, as well as the average blood test result for the last 30 days;
• connecting the cable allows you to transfer information stored in the device’s memory to a computer for further processing using a special computer program.

Flaws:

• it is necessary to wash the test strip holder from blood;
• it is necessary to wipe the optical zone of the test from blood;
• Applying an insufficient volume of blood is a mistake in conducting the study.

Glucometer One Touch Basic Plus

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 0–33.3 mmol/l, higher results are displayed on the screen as the inscription “Hi”;
• power supply - 2 alkaline batteries, size AAA, voltage 1.5 V;
• permissible external conditions - 15–35°C, humidity 0–90% (without condensation), hematocrit 25–60%;
• measurement principle: photometric;
• analysis time - 45 s;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 75 values;
• dimensions - 109 x 66 x 30 mm;
• weight - 116.2 g (including battery);
• control of operation - using a test strip and control solution included in the device kit;
• coding - manually;
• equipment - device with battery, test strips (10 pcs.), pen for piercing Penlet Plus, Fine Point lancets, control solution, case, instructions and a brief test procedure;
• Warranty period - 5 years.

Advantages:

• the test strip does not require wiping a drop of blood;
• connecting the cable allows you to transfer information stored in the device’s memory to a computer for further processing using a special computer program.

Flaws:

• it is necessary to wash the test strip holder from blood;
• it is necessary to wipe the optical zone of the test from blood;
• Applying an insufficient volume of blood is a mistake in conducting the study.

Glucose meter One Touch Ultra

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 1.1–33.3 mmol/l;
• power supply - 1 lithium battery with a voltage of 3 V (No. 2032);
• permissible external conditions - 6–44 ° C, humidity 10-90%, hematocrit 30–55%;
• measurement principle - electrochemical;
• analysis method: biosensor glucose oxidase;
• analysis time - 5 s;
• calibration - blood plasma;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger, shoulder or forearm;
• memory - 150 values;
• dimensions - 79 x 57 x 21 mm;
• weight - 2.5 g (including battery);
• control of operation - using the control solution included in the device kit;
• coding - manually;
• equipment - device with battery, test strips (10 pcs.), pen for piercing One Touch Ultra Soft, replaceable cap One Touch Ultra Clear for obtaining a drop of blood from the shoulder/forearm , One Touch Ultra Soft lancets, control solution, soft sports case, instructions in Russian and warranty card;
• Warranty period - 3 years.

Advantages:

• the analysis result can be obtained in just 5 seconds;
• capillary blood sampling - only 1–2 μl. A change in the color of the test strip will confirm that the blood volume is sufficient to obtain an accurate result;
• touching the test strip does not affect the measurement result;
• the test area is located outside the device, so blood does not enter the device;
• You can choose the puncture site - hand or finger. Using a special One Touch Ultra Clear cap with a One Touch Ultra Soft piercing pen allows you to get a drop of blood not only from your finger, but also from your arm (shoulder or forearm);
• stores the results of 150 tests in memory, indicating the date and time of the test. Calculates the average result for 14 and 30 days;
• calibrated using blood plasma, so the analysis result is comparable in accuracy to the result obtained in the laboratory;
• a computer user can connect a glucometer to it and use the In Touch LifeScan program to process data on a PC. A special wire is supplied with the device. The program can be downloaded free of charge from the LifeScan website on the Internet.

Flaws:

• an opened bottle of test strips must be used within 3 months. After this period, the strips are unusable;
• high cost of the device and test strips.

Glucometer SmartScan

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 1.1–33.3 mmol/l;
• power supply - 2 batteries No. 357 based on silver oxide with a voltage of 1.5 V;
• acceptable external conditions - 15–35°C, humidity 10–90%, hematocrit 30–55%;
• measurement principle - electrochemical;
• analysis method: biosensor glucose oxidase;
• analysis time - 15 s;
• calibration - blood plasma;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 150 values;
• dimensions - 79 x 57 x 19 mm;
• weight - 45.4 g (including battery);
• control of operation - using the control solution included in the device kit;
• coding - manually;
• equipment - device with battery, test strips (10 pcs.), Penlet Plus piercing pen, Fine Point lancets, control solution, soft sports case, instructions in Russian;
• warranty period - 3 years;

Advantages:

• allows analysis using a small drop of blood measuring 2.5 μl;
• capillary method of blood sampling;
• test strips are reliably protected and can be touched anywhere on the strip;
• calibrated using blood plasma for easier comparison with laboratory results;
• stores the results of 150 tests in memory, indicating the date and time and automatically calculating the average result for 14 days;
• The test area is located outside the device, so blood does not enter the device.

Flaw:

• high cost of test strips.

Accu-Chek Active glucometer

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 0.6–33.3 mmol/l;
• power supply - 1 lithium battery type CR2032;
• permissible external conditions - 10–40°С, humidity 0–85%;
• measurement principle: photometric;
• analysis time - 5 s;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood;
• memory - 200 values;
• dimensions - 115 x 40 x 22 mm;
• weight - 45 g (without battery);
• performance control - control solution;
• coding - code plate;
• equipment - device with battery, 10 test strips, Accu-Chek Softclix finger pricking pen, 10 Accu-Chek Softclix lancets, case, instructions in Russian;
• Warranty period - unlimited.

Advantages:

• has the function of measuring blood glucose levels obtained from alternative places: forearm, shoulder, palm of the thumb, thigh or calves;
• capillary method of blood sampling;
• blood drops less than 2 μl;
• there is an automatic on/off function;
• additional memory functions: values ​​indicating the time and date of measurement. Calculation of average values ​​for 7 and 14 days;
• wireless data transfer to a PC via infrared;
• unlimited warranty period.

Flaws:

• galactosemia, ketoacidosis, dehydration, increased bilirubin levels (up to 20 mg/dl), as well as the administration of solutions of oligo- or monosaccharides, ascorbic acid, solutions containing icodextrin, can lead to an incorrect result.

Glucose meter Accu-Chek Go

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 0.6–33.3 mmol/l;
• power supply - 1 lithium battery type CR2030 or DL2430;
• permissible external conditions - 10–40°С, humidity 0–85%;
• measurement principle: photometric;
• analysis time - 5 s;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 300 values;
• dimensions - 113 x 46 x 22 mm;
• weight - 55 g (without battery);
• performance control - control solution;
• coding - code plate;
• equipment - device with battery, 10 test strips, Accu-Chek Softclix finger pricking pen, 10 Accu-Chek Softclix lancets, 1 Accu-Chek Softclix device attachment, case;
• Warranty period - unlimited.

Advantages:

• capillary method of blood sampling;
• the ability to obtain a drop of blood from alternative sites (for example, shoulder, forearm);
• there is no direct contact of the device with blood;
• the presence of a mechanism for removing the test strip from the device ensures that there is no direct contact with blood or the used test strip;
• turns on and off automatically, results are also saved automatically;
• “alarm clock” function: you can set the sound signal to sound three times at different times of the day;
• Hypoglycemia Alert: You can set both a visual and an audible alarm to alert you when your blood glucose levels are unusually low.
• memory for 300 results (along with the date and time of the analysis);
• infrared interface for transmitting data to a personal computer or laptop on which a program for analyzing the results is installed (Accu-Chek Pocket Compass software);
• You can calculate the average of your blood glucose results over the past 7, 14, or 30 days;
• unlimited warranty period.

Flaw:

• high cost of the device and test strips.

Glucometer Ascensia Elite

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 1.1–33.3 mmol/l;
• power supply - 2 lithium batteries with a voltage of 3 V (CR2030 or DL);
• permissible external conditions - 10–40°С, automatic temperature compensation using built-in thermal strips, humidity 20–80%;
• measurement principle - electrode-sensor technology;
• analysis time - 30 s;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 20 values;
• dimensions - 81 x 51 x 14 mm;
• weight - 50 g (without battery);
• operation control - test strip;
• coding - using a code test strip;
• equipment - device with batteries, 5 test strips, Microlet finger pricking device, 5 lancets, test strip, case, instructions, warranty card;
• Warranty period - 5 years.

Advantages:

• electrode-sensor technology for measuring glycemia;
• capillary method of blood sampling;
• volume of a drop of blood—2 μl;
• automatic on/off function;
• the device does not have a single button, so it is very easy to learn and use;
• Each test strip is hermetically sealed, the use of one strip does not affect the shelf life of the remaining strips.

Flaws:

• small amount of memory;
• there is no interface to the computer.

Glucometer Ascensia Entrust

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 1.7–30.6 mmol/l;
• power supply - 1 lithium disk battery with a voltage of 3 V (CR2032);
• acceptable external conditions - 18–38°C, hematocrit 30–55%;
• measurement principle - electrode-sensor technology;
• analysis time - 30 s;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 10 values;
• dimensions - 100 x 58 x 21 mm;
• weight - 64 g;
• operation control - control strip;
• coding - electronic chip;
• equipment - device with battery, 5 test strips, code card, control strip, microlet finger pricking device, 5 lancets, case, user manual, quick guide;
• Warranty period - 5 years.

Advantages:

• electrode-sensor technology for measuring glycemia;
• capillary method of blood sampling;
• automatic on/off function;
• large strip field - easy to insert into the device and comfortable to hold in your hand;
• two-step measurement procedure;
• relatively low cost of the device and test strips.

Flaws:

• small amount of memory;
• there is no interface to the computer.

Glucometer Ascensia Confirm

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 0.6–33.0 mmol/l;
• power supply - 1 lithium disk battery with a voltage of 3 V (CR2025);
• permissible external conditions - 10–40°C, humidity 10–80%;
• calibration - whole blood;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 100 values;
• dimensions - 110 x 75 x 17 mm;
• weight - 50 g;
• coding - manually;
• equipment - device with battery, 10 test strips, Microlet finger pricking device, 5 lancets, instructions;
• Warranty period - 5 years.

Advantages:

• the device is equipped with a disk containing 10 test strips at once;
• capillary method of blood sampling;
• blood drop volume - 3 µl;
• average glycemic value for 14 days;
• ability to connect to a computer.

Flaw:

• high cost of the device.

Glucometer Super Glucocard 2 (Super Glucocard II)

Specifications:

• measurement ranges - 1.1–33.3 mmol/l;
• power supply - 2 lithium batteries with a voltage of 3 V (CR2032);
• measurement principle - electrochemical;
• analysis time - 30 s;
• calibration - plasma/serum;
• sample - fresh capillary blood from a finger;
• memory - 20 values;
• dimensions - 51 x 87 x 14.5 mm;
• weight - 45 g;
• operation control - control strip;
• coding - coding strip;
• equipment - device with battery, 10 test strips, coding strip, control strip, Multilancet finger pricking device, 10 lancets, case, instructions.

Advantages:

• capillary blood sampling;
• the ability to apply a drop of blood to the test strip outside the device;
• blood drop volume - 3 µl;
• the device has no buttons;
• automatic on/off function;
• Each test strip is packaged in a separate sealed bag.

Flaws:

• small amount of memory;
• there is no interface to the computer.

N. Yu. Arbatskaya, Candidate of Medical Sciences, City Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after. N. I. Pirogova, Moscow