Detailed laboratory diagnostics of atherosclerosis

Published: 07/23/2021 14:15:00 Updated: 07/23/2021

Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that primarily affects the arteries. Cholesterol is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, resulting in the formation of plaques that interfere with normal blood flow. Internal organs experience a lack of oxygen and nutrients, and with the slow progression of the pathology, their work is gradually disrupted. In the case of acute thrombosis with complete blockage of blood flow, severe complications may develop - myocardial infarction, stroke, gangrene of the lower extremities and other dangerous pathologies.

Vessels susceptible to atherosclerosis

With atherosclerosis, large main arteries are affected - the aorta and its branches.
Among the sections of the aorta, the abdominal aorta is most susceptible to atherosclerosis. Clinically significant atherosclerosis of the aortic arch and thoracic aorta is much less common. From the peripheral arteries and directly the branches of the aorta, the following should be distinguished:

• coronary (coronary) vessels,
• nourishing the heart,
• brachiocephalic arteries (BCA),
• subclavian arteries,
• common and internal carotid arteries (ICA),
• vertebral arteries,
• arteries of the limbs,
• renal arteries,
• celiac trunk,
• mesenteric arteries.

When several arterial basins are affected, they speak of generalized (widespread) atherosclerosis. Most often, atherosclerosis affects the coronary, brachiocephalic basins, as well as the vessels supplying blood to the lower extremities.

Why is atherosclerosis dangerous?

Atherosclerotic or, as they are also called, cholesterol plaques, gradually narrow the lumen of the arteries and make them less elastic. This creates an obstacle to normal blood flow and leads to insufficient blood supply to the feeding organ.

The narrowing of the lumen of a vessel by an atherosclerotic plaque is called stenosis, and complete blockage of the lumen is called occlusion. Symptoms of the disease begin to appear at a certain degree of arterial stenosis, in which case we can talk about stenosing vascular atherosclerosis. For example, if the arteries of the heart narrow, the blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) decreases. This can cause chest pain and shortness of breath, which can ultimately lead to a heart attack. Particles of atherosclerotic plaque can break off from the walls of the arteries and be transported with the blood to narrower vessels, completely blocking their lumen.

In addition, the danger of atherosclerosis lies in the fact that particles of atherosclerotic plaque can break off from the walls of the arteries and be transported with the blood to narrower vessels, blocking their lumen. Blood clots can form in the area of ​​atherosclerotic plaques, partially or completely blocking the lumen of the artery. In such cases, there is an acute disruption of the blood supply to the feeding organ, which can lead to dangerous, often life-threatening complications. The described mechanisms are often the cause of stroke, myocardial infarction, thrombosis and obliterating atherosclerosis of the vessels of the lower extremities.

Clinical picture or symptoms of atherosclerosis

Symptoms of atherosclerosis depend on the organ that feeds the vessels affected by atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, when the coronary arteries are damaged, the heart muscle (myocardium) suffers, and coronary heart disease (CHD) develops. Signs of angina appear - chest pain and shortness of breath during exercise or at rest.

Among the vessels supplying the brain, the internal carotid and vertebral arteries are most often affected by atherosclerosis. In this case, patients may experience dizziness, impaired memory and vision, episodes of loss of sensitivity or movements in the face and limbs, and speech disorders. With the long-term existence of an atherosclerotic plaque in the lumen of the carotid artery, ulcerations may occur on its surface, as well as blood clots, which can be carried with the bloodstream into the vessels of the brain, causing clinical manifestations such as paresis/paralysis, sudden loss of sensation in the limbs or in the face, as well as temporary blindness.

When the vessels of the legs are damaged, symptoms of intermittent claudication appear - pain in the calf (less often in the gluteal and thigh) muscles that occurs when walking. With the progression of obliterating atherosclerosis of the vessels of the lower extremities, trophic ulcers and gangrene of the extremity ultimately occur. With atherosclerosis of the iliac arteries, potency disorders (erectile dysfunction) may also occur.

Risk factors

The main risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis:

• diabetes;
• obesity;
• low physical activity;
• poor nutrition;
• smoking;
• alcohol consumption;
• stress.

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus, in which there is a persistent increase in blood glucose levels, day after day, year after year, provokes disorders that are hardly noticeable to the patient - a gradual deterioration in the functioning of many organs and systems, including blood vessels. When small vessels are affected, it is customary to speak of microangiopathy, and when large vessels are affected – macroangiopathy.

In the first case, kidney function is disrupted, vision decreases, and wounds on the body do not heal well. Frequent headaches and dizziness are also a consequence of microangiopathy. In the second case, the arteries of the brain and heart are affected. If diabetes mellitus is not treated for a long time or is treated incorrectly, then over time plaques form on the walls of blood vessels, which provoke the development of atherosclerosis, and with it coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart attack.

obesity

Obesity is a problem that today affects people in all countries, regardless of race, gender, age and social status. Scientists are seriously concerned about this issue, since excess weight requires additional expenditures from the state budget, reduces the productivity of citizens, causing great economic damage.

Increasingly, children are being diagnosed with obesity, and this is already a large-scale health problem. Excess fat in the body is deposited not only on internal organs, but also changes the lipid profile of the blood plasma.

As a result of this metabolic disorder, an imbalance occurs between the lipid (fat) components of the plasma, which leads to damage to the walls of blood vessels by atherosclerotic plaques. A person develops a whole bunch of cardiovascular diseases, starting with hypertension and arrhythmia, ending with coronary heart disease and cardiosclerosis.

Obesity significantly shortens life expectancy, which is why it is so important to keep your weight at a normal level. Even a small decrease in body weight significantly improves a person’s health and eliminates many unpleasant symptoms.

Little physical activity

Physical inactivity is the scourge of modern man. If in prehistoric times people were forced to earn their own food by their own labor, chasing mammoths, today to satisfy their hunger it is enough to dial the number of a pizza delivery service. Manual labor of representatives of many professions has become automated over time, and rising incomes and quality of life have made it possible to purchase their own car and abandon traveling on foot or by public transport.

Experts say that even with proper nutrition, lack of physical activity can negatively affect the functioning of the cardiovascular system. The heart, like any organ, needs to be trained. After all, this is also a muscle, and it becomes stronger when a person leads a healthy lifestyle and plays sports. Many people make the excuse that it's hard for them to work out in the gym, carrying heavy weights, but there are many other ways to increase your activity. Nordic walking, water aerobics, dancing, even an ordinary thirty-minute walk, provided regularity, can bring great benefits to the health of the heart and blood vessels. It's never too late to start training, but you need to choose the load wisely.

If a person is overweight, especially obese, then most sports are contraindicated for him. The main focus should be on Nordic walking and swimming. They practically do not load the joints, which in such people suffer first. Over time, when the weight begins to gradually go away, you can add cardio exercises - riding an exercise bike, an ellipsoid. The most important thing is to choose a sport you like so that it brings pleasure. Only under this condition a person will not have to force himself to study. He will do it with pleasure.

Poor nutrition

The fast pace of life, the abundance of genetically modified products on store shelves, enriched with fats and other not very healthy additives, the increasing number of cafes and fast food stalls - all this leads to the fact that a person builds his diet incorrectly and does not even think about it. For a resident of a metropolis, it is quite natural to have lunch and dinner outside the home. And if you don’t want to go anywhere, you can order food from a restaurant.

Some people simply don’t have enough time to cook their own food, and this leaves its mark on the daily menu. However, with a strong desire, everything is possible. Today there are many organizations that offer the opportunity to order meals at home that meet all the principles of rational nutrition, although it is better to cook the food yourself. Nutritionists advise using lean meat, fish, especially sea fish, and seafood for this purpose. They contain a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which do not increase, but lower blood cholesterol levels.

Vegetable oils are especially rich in omega fatty acids. They are recommended to replace animal fats - their abundance in the diet, along with sweets and baked goods, provokes excess weight gain. Unlike candies, buns and cookies, which contain quickly digestible simple carbohydrates, cereals contain complex varieties of carbohydrates that provide long-lasting energy, prolonging the feeling of fullness. Cereals should be prepared as a side dish for meat and fish, and used to prepare porridge for breakfast.

There should also be plenty of fruits and vegetables on the menu of those who want to eat healthy and have a healthy heart and blood vessels.

Smoking

Scientists from different countries are studying the effect of this bad habit on the functioning of the cardiovascular system and come to a disappointing conclusion. It has been proven that smoking increases the risk of developing heart and vascular diseases. Here's how tobacco, smoke, tar and other negative components affect the walls of blood vessels:

• reduce the vasodilatory effect;
• increase proliferation (reproduction) of smooth muscle fibers of the vascular walls;
• Tobacco smoke damages the cells that make up the inner wall of blood vessels - endothelial cells.

All these changes fall under the definition of endothelial dysfunction, which creates favorable conditions for the development of cardiovascular pathologies. Not everyone knows that atherosclerosis today is considered a lifestyle disease, where smoking is the main factor in its development. Smokers are 1.5-6 times more likely to experience this disease compared to those who do not depend on this addiction. The severity of the disease depends on how many cigarettes a person smokes per day. If the number exceeds a dozen, then doctors diagnose more extensive vascular damage. Such patients are 8 times more likely to develop atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm.

They are worried about more frequent attacks of angina pectoris, and anginal pain worries them every day, several times. Therefore, anyone who experiences such unpleasant symptoms needs to minimize the number of cigarettes they smoke per day, or it is better to completely abandon this bad habit. Fortunately, today there are many ways to do this painlessly for yourself and your psyche.

Alcohol consumption

Alcohol both directly and indirectly affects the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Once in the blood, it forces the main “motor” of the body to work with increased load for 5-7 hours, increasing the rhythm, increasing blood pressure and disrupting blood circulation. Its action is two-phase: first there is a strong dilation of blood vessels, and then a narrowing. Due to excessive work, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues is disrupted. In the future, a person will experience cardiomyopathy, heart attack, arrhythmia, hypertension, bull's heart, and epicardial obesity. And also atherosclerosis if a person abuses alcohol.

Alcohol in moderation is even beneficial. Its ability to dilate blood vessels and thin the blood has a beneficial effect on blood circulation. Moderate drinkers are less likely to experience a sudden heart attack, unlike heavy abstainers and heavy drinkers. However, few people stop after a couple of drinks. For most people, the brakes jam and the amount they drink quickly exceeds the healthy limit. But alcohol is a drug and a poison that gradually destroys all organs and cells of the body, worsening its functioning. In the long term - complete degradation of personality due to the destruction of brain cells. Therefore, such prevention of atherosclerosis should be treated with great caution.

Stress

Stress today is a real “plague” of modern man. Experts tend to distinguish two main types: eustress and distress. The first acts as a kind of hardening, mobilizing the body and positively influencing the functioning of all organs and systems. Distress, especially when chronic, undermines human health, reduces immunity and leads to the development of serious diseases. It’s not for nothing that people are increasingly talking about the psychosomatics of many ailments.

When stressed, the hormone adrenaline is released into the blood. The heart begins to beat faster, pressure rises sharply, blood flows more actively through the vessels. If this happens rarely, and even more so when positive emotions are overwhelming, then it is very useful for the body. It's another matter if this state of affairs becomes permanent. The body is simply not capable of being in tension all the time. Such stress sooner or later affects your health. This especially applies to people with an initial form of atherosclerosis. Their risk of developing thrombosis and the risk of dying from artery blockage increases significantly.

Causes of atherosclerosis

The causes of atherosclerosis remain not fully understood. It is believed that the initial stages of atherosclerosis occur already at a young age, but it usually reaches its clinical significance in people of the older age group (over 50 years). There are risk factors for atherosclerosis, the impact of which can significantly slow down its progression, reduce the severity of its manifestations and prevent the occurrence of complications.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

• High blood pressure,
• High levels of cholesterol in the blood - low-density lipoprotein (LDL),
• Diet high in animal fats
• Smoking,
• Obesity,
• burdened heredity,
• Diabetes.

Cholesterol and atherosclerosis

It is important to regularly monitor blood tests for the so-called “bad” cholesterol, which is deposited in the artery wall and causes the appearance and growth of atherosclerotic plaques. If the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is elevated, you should consult a physician, cardiologist or vascular surgeon. In the absence of contraindications, it is recommended to take statins - medications that reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol in the blood.

The beginning of the beginning: classification

First of all, let’s remember what lipid-lowering drugs are currently available in pharmacies.

Table 1: Lipid-lowering drugs

Lipid-lowering drugs can normalize the lipid profile through various mechanisms. Among them [1, 2]:

• the most common mechanism of action: activation of lipoprotein uptake due to stimulation of LDL receptors located in the liver;
• blocking the synthesis of lipids and lipoproteins in the liver;
• inhibition of the absorption of cholesterol and bile acids from the intestine;
• activation of cholesterol catabolism, including its conversion into bile acids;
• stimulation of the activity of the enzyme that breaks down lipids - lipoprotein lipase of the vascular endothelium;
• blocking the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver and their release from adipose tissue (inhibition of lipolysis);
• an increase in the level of antiatherogenic HDL in the blood.

Let's take a closer look at how representatives of various subgroups of lipid-lowering drugs work and what features they have.

Prevention of vascular atherosclerosis

The best treatment for atherosclerosis is its prevention. It is necessary in order to prevent the occurrence of the first signs and symptoms of the disease, which will help overcome atherosclerosis already in the initial stages. Prevention consists primarily of diet: do not abuse fatty foods, as well as mandatory smoking cessation. If you have hypertension (hypertension), it is necessary to maintain normal blood pressure values ​​by monitoring it, as well as taking medications, after consulting with a therapist or cardiologist. In the presence of diabetes mellitus, it is recommended to maintain normal blood glucose levels by taking glucose-lowering drugs prescribed by an endocrinologist, daily monitoring of blood glucose levels, and regular monitoring by an endocrinologist.

Drugs that inhibit the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine

The first and so far only drug in this subgroup was ezetimibe. It works primarily in the villous epithelium of the brush border of the small intestine.

The mechanism of action is based on inhibition of the cholesterol transporter in intestinal enterocytes. This reduces cholesterol absorption by approximately 50%. The level of LDL and VLDL also decreases by 20–25% and the HDL content slightly increases.

The maximum effect of the drug develops after two weeks. When used as monotherapy at a standard dose of 10 mg per day, ezetimibe provides a reduction in LDL concentrations by no more than 17–18%, so it is more often used in combination with statins [3].

Side effects

Generally, ezetimibe is well tolerated. In rare cases, it can cause changes in the level of liver enzymes, as well as back pain, arthralgia, and weakness [1, 3].

What should I warn the client about?

If your doctor has prescribed a combination of ezetimibe and a statin, it is important to follow the recommendations and take both drugs to achieve optimal lipid-lowering effects.

Which doctor treats vascular atherosclerosis?

If atherosclerosis is suspected, an examination by a specialist is necessary:

• Angioneurologist - for atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels;
• Cardiologist - for atherosclerosis of the heart vessels;
• Vascular surgeon - for signs of diseases of the arteries of the arms or legs, neck, chest and abdominal cavity.

It is necessary to see a specialist (vascular surgeon) if you have one or more risk factors for atherosclerosis, and also have complaints characteristic of arterial diseases. It is especially important to seek qualified help during the initial manifestations of the disease, when it is possible to prevent the development of severe complications of atherosclerosis.

Before prescribing instrumental diagnostic methods, the doctor must evaluate the patient’s complaints. Collect information about past illnesses and past treatments. An objective examination provides detailed information about the severity and extent of the disease.

In some cases, the diagnosis of atherosclerosis can be excluded at the stage of the initial examination. If vascular atherosclerosis of one location or another is detected, the doctor may prescribe an additional examination.

Laboratory and instrumental studies that can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis:

• ultrasound duplex scanning of blood vessels,
• X-ray contrast angiography,
• CT scan,
• Magnetic resonance imaging,
• ECG,
• treadmill test,
• lipidogram, etc.

How to treat vascular atherosclerosis: drug treatment of atherosclerosis

Vascular atherosclerosis can be combated conservatively and surgically. Conservative treatment of atherosclerosis is used for mild and non-stenotic forms of atherosclerosis. It includes the fight against risk factors for atherosclerosis, as well as taking medications such as statins (Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, etc.) and antiplatelet agents (acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, etc.), which prevent further growth of atherosclerotic plaques and the formation of blood clots on them. surfaces. Medications are prescribed for permanent or long-term use.

Combined lipid-lowering therapy

In some cases, doctors prescribe a combination of lipid-lowering drugs with different mechanisms of action. The most common indication is severe hyperlipidemia. Most often, fibrates are used in combination with statins. Nicotinic acid is combined with other hyperlipidemic drugs very carefully, under the supervision of a physician [6].

If a two-component treatment regimen is ineffective, three drugs can be used at once, for example, statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and nicotinic acid [3].

Sources

1. Kharkevich D.A. Pharmacology. 10th ed. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2010. – 908 p.
2. Morris Brown, Peter Bennett. Clinical Pharmacology 11th Edition, 2012.
3. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapy: textbook. – 3rd ed., add. and processed / ed. V.G. Kukesa, A.K. Starodubtseva. – M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2012. – 832 p.
4. Bardal SK, Waechter JE, Martin DS Applied pharmacology. – Elsevier Health Sciences, 2011.
5. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition
6. Janashia P.Kh. et al. Drug lipid-lowering therapy. Medi.ru URL: https://medi.ru/info/3448/ (access date 05/29/2020).

Can vascular atherosclerosis be reversed?

At the moment, there are no drugs that can get rid of atherosclerosis and cleanse blood vessels from atherosclerotic plaques.

Atherosclerosis is an irreversible disease and cannot be completely cured. For advanced forms of atherosclerosis, surgical treatment is often used. Modern surgical methods make it possible to perform the operation effectively, in a low-traumatic manner and without serious consequences for the body, to restore the lumen of a vessel affected by atherosclerosis and to resume sufficient blood flow to the organ.